Special Circulation Flashcards by Mind Med

What is the main neural mechanism regulating blood flow in apical (glabrous) skin?
a) Parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilation
b) Sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstriction
c) Myogenic autoregulation
d) Metabolic vasodilation

b) Sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstriction

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In non-apical skin, which neurotransmitter is responsible for vasodilation?
a) Norepinephrine
b) Acetylcholine
c) Epinephrine
d) NOTA

D) Acetylcholine

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How does the hypothalamus primarily regulate cutaneous blood flow in response to increased core temperature?
a) Activates sympathetic adrenergic nerves causing vasoconstriction
b) Activates sympathetic cholinergic nerves causing vasodilation and sweating
c) Inhibits acetylcholine release
d) Causes local axon reflex vasoconstriction

b) Activates sympathetic cholinergic nerves causing vasodilation and sweating

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The “glomus bodies” in cutaneous circulation serve what primary function?
a) Facilitate nutrient exchange at capillaries
b) Connect arterioles to venules allowing blood to bypass capillaries
c) Produce sweat in response to heat
d) Act as local metabolic sensors

b) Connect arterioles to venules allowing blood to bypass capillaries

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What is the predominant mechanism contributing to heat conservation in extreme cold?
a) Sympathetic cholinergic vasodilation
b) Sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstriction
c) Parasympathetic vasodilation
d) Local metabolic vasodilation

b) Sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstriction

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Which of the following contributes most to postprandial hyperemia in the splanchnic circulation?
a) Sympathetic vasoconstriction
b) Parasympathetic activation and gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin
c) Adrenergic receptor blockade
d) Myogenic autoregulation

b) Parasympathetic activation and gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin

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What is the role of the enteric nervous system in splanchnic circulation?
a) Primarily inhibits blood flow during digestion
b) Independently regulates motility, secretions, and local blood flow
c) Overrides parasympathetic input
d) Causes vasoconstriction via norepinephrine release

b) Independently regulates motility, secretions, and local blood flow

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How does sympathetic stimulation typically affect splanchnic blood vessels?
a) Causes vasodilation throughout the splanchnic vascular bed
b) Causes vasoconstriction, decreasing blood flow and mobilizing blood volume
c) Has no effect on splanchnic circulation
d) Increases portal vein blood flow only

b) Causes vasoconstriction, decreasing blood flow and mobilizing blood volume

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Which organ receives approximately 75% of its blood from the portal vein and 25% from the hepatic artery?
a) Kidney
b) Liver
c) Pancreas
d) Intestine

b) Liver

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Portal hypertension primarily leads to:
a) Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
b) Increased hydrostatic pressure in hepatic sinusoids causing fluid shift to peritoneal space
c) Decreased blood pooling in splanchnic circulation
d) Increased filtration in kidney

b) Increased hydrostatic pressure in hepatic sinusoids causing fluid shift to peritoneal space

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Which mechanism accounts for approximately 50% of renal autoregulation?
a) Tubuloglomerular feedback
b) Myogenic mechanism
c) Neural sympathetic control
d) Metabolic vasodilation

b) Myogenic mechanism

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Tubuloglomerular feedback in the kidney works through which signaling molecule to constrict afferent arterioles?
a) Nitric oxide
b) Adenosine
c) Bradykinin
d) Endothelin

b) Adenosine

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What happens to renal blood flow if perfusion pressure drops from 100 to 70 mmHg?
a) Afferent arteriole constricts to reduce flow
b) Afferent arteriole dilates to maintain flow
c) Efferent arteriole dilates to increase filtration
d) No change due to lack of autoregulation

b) Afferent arteriole dilates to maintain flow

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Sympathetic stimulation primarily causes which effect in renal circulation?
a) Vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles
b) Vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles
c) Increased nitric oxide release
d) Increased filtration rate

b) Vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles

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Administration of ACE inhibitors can decrease glomerular filtration by:
a) Constricting afferent arterioles
b) Dilating efferent arterioles
c) Increasing systemic blood pressure
d) Stimulating tubuloglomerular feedback

b) Dilating efferent arterioles

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Compared to systemic circulation, pulmonary arterioles have:
a) Thicker walls and more smooth muscle
b) Thinner walls and less smooth muscle
c) Higher vascular resistance
d) Higher pressure

b) Thinner walls and less smooth muscle

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What is the primary response of pulmonary vessels to alveolar hypoxia?
a) Vasodilation
b) Vasoconstriction
c) No change
d) Increased nitric oxide release

b) Vasoconstriction

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Which zone of the lung has pulmonary arterial pressure less than alveolar pressure?
a) Zone 1
b) Zone 2
c) Zone 3
d) All zones

a) Zone 1

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Which circulatory pressure tends to keep alveoli dry and prevent pulmonary edema?
a) High capillary hydrostatic pressure
b) Alveolar pressure and oncotic pressure opposing filtration
c) Low interstitial fluid pressure
d) High pulmonary venous pressure

b) Alveolar pressure and oncotic pressure opposing filtration

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How does increased cardiac output affect pulmonary vascular resistance?
a) Increases it dramatically
b) Decreases it due to capillary recruitment and distension
c) No effect
d) Causes bronchoconstriction

b) Decreases it due to capillary recruitment and distension

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Why is coronary blood flow highest during diastole?
a) Increased aortic pressure during diastole perfuses the coronary arteries
b) Coronary vessels dilate during systole
c) Myocardial contraction compresses right coronary artery only
d) Coronary blood flow does not vary during the cardiac cycle

a) Increased aortic pressure during diastole perfuses the coronary arteries

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What metabolic factor is primarily responsible for coronary vasodilation during increased myocardial work?
a) Norepinephrine
b) Adenosine
c) Acetylcholine
d) Angiotensin II

b) Adenosine

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What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on coronary blood flow?
a) Causes vasoconstriction predominately
b) Causes net vasodilation due to metabolic vasodilators overriding alpha-adrenergic constriction
c) No effect on coronary vessels
d) Causes vasodilation through beta-1 receptors only

b) Causes net vasodilation due to metabolic vasodilators overriding alpha-adrenergic constriction

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Coronary autoregulation maintains constant blood flow across which pressure range?
a) 5–10 mmHg
b) 20–120 mmHg
c) 80–180 mmHg
d) 100–200 mmHg

b) 20–120 mmHg

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Cyclic compression of coronary vessels mainly affects flow in which chamber? a) Right ventricle more than left b) Left ventricle more than right c) Both are equally affected d) Neither is affected during systole

b) Left ventricle more than right

What is the primary regulator of cerebral blood flow? a) Sympathetic nervous system b) Local metabolism and CO2 levels c) Parasympathetic nervous system d) Blood pressure alone

b) Local metabolism and CO2 levels

How does increased arterial CO2 affect cerebral blood vessels? a) Causes vasoconstriction b) Causes vasodilation c) No change d) Decreases cerebral blood flow

b) Causes vasodilation

What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) rises significantly? a) Cerebral blood flow increases b) Cerebral blood flow decreases due to vessel compression c) Cerebral vascular resistance decreases d) Cerebral perfusion pressure increases

b) Cerebral blood flow decreases due to vessel compression

Cerebral autoregulation maintains blood flow constant between which mean arterial pressure (MAP) ranges? a) 20-80 mmHg b) 50-150 mmHg c) 80-180 mmHg d) 100-200 mmHg

b) 50-150 mmHg

What causes dizziness during hyperventilation? a) Increased cerebral blood flow b) Decreased cerebral blood flow due to low CO2 causing vasoconstriction c) Elevated oxygen concentration causing vasodilation d) Increased intracranial pressure

b) Decreased cerebral blood flow due to low CO2 causing vasoconstriction

What predominates regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise? a) Sympathetic vasoconstriction b) Metabolic vasodilation by vasodilator metabolites c) Parasympathetic nerve activity d) Myogenic autoregulation

b) Metabolic vasodilation by vasodilator metabolites

Which adrenoceptor mediates epinephrine-induced vasodilation at low concentrations in skeletal muscle? a) Alpha-1 b) Beta-2 c) Beta-1 d) Alpha-2

b) Beta-2

How does sustained isometric muscle contraction affect blood flow? a) Increases flow during contraction b) Decreases flow during contraction and causes reactive hyperemia afterward c) No change in blood flow d) Immediately increases flow throughout contraction

b) Decreases flow during contraction and causes reactive hyperemia afterward

Which metabolite is NOT involved in skeletal muscle vasodilation? a) Nitric oxide b) Carbon dioxide c) Potassium ions d) Angiotensin II

d) Angiotensin II

What role does the muscle pump play in regulating skeletal muscle blood flow? a) Increases venous return and enhances arterial flow during exercise b) Decreases venous return during contraction c) Causes vasoconstriction of arterioles d) Inhibits metabolic vasodilation

a) Increases venous return and enhances arterial flow during exercise

dilators, except? a) Nitric oxide b) Prostaglandins c) Bradykinin d) Endothelin

d) Endothelin

preferentially binds Alpha 1 adrenoceptors to cause smooth muscle contraction causing vasoconstriction a. Norepinephrine b. Epinephrine c. Acetylcholine

a. Norepinephrine

binds with higher affinity to beta-2 adrenoceptors, causing vasodilation a. Norepinephrine b. Epinephrine c. Acetylcholine

b. Epinephrine

at high concentration, it binds with post-junctional alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor a. Norepinephrine b. Epinephrine c. Acetylcholine

b. Epinephrine

binds with muscarinic M3 receptors in smooth muscle, can produce NO that causes smooth muscle relaxation a. Norepinephrine b. Epinephrine c. Acetylcholine

c. Acetylcholine

Prostaglandin F2 α a. vasodilator b. vasoconstrictor

b. vasoconstrictor

Prostaglandin E2 a. vasodilator b. vasoconstrictor

a. vasodilator

TRUE OR FALSE: The flatter the autoregulatory range, the better the autoregulation

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The coronary, cerebral, and renal have a high degree of autoregulation. The cutaneous circulation displays no autoregulation a. the first statement is true b. the second statement is true c. both statement is true d. both statement is false

c. both statement is true

TRUE OR FALSE: DIsorders such as CAD, HTN, CVD, & DM are linked to impaired NO regulation.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood flow increases as oxygen consumption increases. Myocardial blood flow parallels myocardial metabolism a. the first statement is true b. the second statement is true c. both statement is true d. both statement is false

c. both statement is true

the following are true of coronary circulation, except: a. High capillary density b. Low resting myocardial metabolic rate c. Cyclic compression of the vasculature d. High oxygen extraction

b. Low resting myocardial metabolic rate

the following are true of coronary circulation, except: a. Left ventricle is thicker than right b. Left ventricle is thicker more likely to suffer from ischemia c. AOTA d. NOTA

d. NOTA

TRUE OR FALSE: During systole, the increase in left ventricular pressure causes dilation of coronary vessels. During diastole, the decrease in left ventricular pressure causes compression of coronary vessels. a. the first statement is true b. the second statement is true c. both statement is true d. both statement is false

d. both statement is false

TRUE OR FALSE: The veins are more affected by increased ICP

True

the following are true of cushing reflex, except: a. increased BP b. tachycardia c. respiratory depression d. increased ICP

b. tachycardia must be BRADYcardia

TRUE OR FALSE: Cerebral blood flow increases as O2 consumption increases. When neuronal activity increases, blood flow also increases a. the first statement is true b. the second statement is true c. both statement is true d. both statement is false

c. both statement is true

TRUE OR FALSE: In skeletal muscles, low concentration of epinephrine dilate resistance vessels because of its effect on β2 adrenoceptors; but at high concentrations, it can produce constriction because it also attaches to this α1 adrenoceptors a. the first statement is true b. the second statement is true c. both statement is true d. both statement is false

c. both statement is true

TRUE OR FALSE: In cutaneous circulation, if core temperature rises, there is withdrawal of the sympathetic stimulation causing passive vasodilation. There is no active vasodilation a. the first statement is true b. the second statement is true c. both statement is true d. both statement is false

c. both statement is true

TRUE OR FALSE: Neural control > local metabolic control in the overall regulation of skin blood flow

True

triple response or red line response, except: a. 1st and 2nd reaction involves histamine b. 2nd reaction involves local axon reflex only c. cycle: red line > flare > wheal d. NOTA

a. 1st and 2nd reaction involves histamine 1st and 3rd

primary control mechanism of Cerebral circulation: a. Sympathetic Control b. Metabolic Control c. Autoregulation d. B & C e. none, all equal

d. B & C

primary control mechanism of Coronary circulation: a. Sympathetic Control b. Metabolic Control c. Autoregulation d. B & C e. none, all equal

d. B & C

primary control mechanism of Skeletal ms circulation: a. Sympathetic Control b. Metabolic Control c. Autoregulation d. B & C e. none, all equal

b. Metabolic Control

primary control mechanism of Renal circulation: a. Sympathetic Control b. Metabolic Control c. Autoregulation d. B & C e. none, all equal

c. Autoregulation

primary control mechanism of Intestinal circulation: a. Sympathetic Control b. Metabolic Control c. Autoregulation d. B & C e. none, all equal

a. Sympathetic Control

primary control mechanism of Cutaneous circulation: a. Sympathetic Control b. Metabolic Control c. Autoregulation d. B & C e. none, all equal

a. Sympathetic Control

primary control mechanism of Pulmonary circulation: a. Sympathetic Control b. Metabolic Control c. Autoregulation d. B & C e. none, all equal

e. none, all equal

main site of renal regulation is via: a. afferent arteriole b. efferent arteriole

a. afferent arteriole

TRUE OR FALSE: Pulmonary vascular resistance increases at both higher and lower pleural volumes and lowest at functional residual capacity

True

major mechanism regulating blood flow within normal lungs: a. hypoxia b. cardiac output c. atherosclerosis d. radius

a. hypoxia

TRUE OR FALSE: Alveolar pressure enhances filtration. Alveolar surface tension opposes filtration a. the first statement is true b. the second statement is true c. both statement is true d. both statement is false

d. both statement is false Alveolar pressure opposes filtration Alveolar surface tension enhance filtration

TRUE OR FALSE: Pulmonary circulation is a low resistance, low pressure, high flow circulation

True

Abundant arterial-venous anastomoses a. Skin circulation b. Renal circulation c. Coronary arteries d. Pulmonary circulation e. Cerebral circulation f. Skeletal muscle circulation

a. Skin circulation

Highest arterial-venous oxygen difference a. Skin circulation b. Renal circulation c. Coronary arteries d. Pulmonary circulation e. Cerebral circulation f. Skeletal muscle circulation

c. Coronary arteries

What is the effect of increased arterial CO2 levels on cerebral circulation? a. Cerebral vasoconstriction b. Cerebral vasodilation c. No change in cerebral blood flow d. Decreased in cerebral perfusion pressure

b. Cerebral vasodilation

Formula of CPP

MAP - ICP

TRUE OR FALSE: According to Monro-Kellie Doctrine, increased ICP trends to collapse the veins due to pressure become overcomed

True

TRUE OR FALSE: In chronic hypertension, there is a shift in autoregulatory curve to the right and increases threshold

True

TRUE OR FALSE: sympathetic neurotransmitter of cutaneous sensations is NE

True

(+) AV anastomosis via glomus bodies A. Apical skin / Glaborous B. Non-apical skin

A. Apical skin / Glaborous

TRUE OR FALSE: dilitation of efferent arterioles lessens GFR

True This is caused by ACE inhibitors

Special Circulation Flashcards

(118 cards)