GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT: Globalisation

Question 1

Three types of Globalisation

Answer 1

• Economic
• Political
• Cultural

Question 2

Economic Globalisation

Answer 2

Capitalist free markets operate without national borders

Question 3

Political Globalisation

Answer 3

Global TNCs, charities and multi-state organisations now make political decisions for many countries

Question 4

TNCs

Answer 4

A company with employees and facilities in several countries

Question 5

What has caused Economic Globalisation?

Answer 5

• Structure is now between countries rather than within countries
• Growth of TNCs, improved transport and better communication make global trade possible

Question 6

Examples of Economic Globalisation?

Answer 6

• Spread of Capitalist free market
• Growth and spread of TNCs
• McDonaldisation (Ritzer, 2000)
• Global financial markets

Question 7

Who is involved in Political Globalisation?

Answer 7

Global decision-making: states now act together to take decisions and work together to form IGOs
NGOs also often operate globally

Question 8

Examples of IGOs

Answer 8

• European Union (EU)
• United Nations (UN)
• North-Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Question 9

Examples of NGOs

Answer 9

• Medecins Sans Frontieres
• Red Cross
• Green Peace
• Amnesty International

Question 10

Examples of Cultural Globalisation

Answer 10

• Worldwide Communication and Information Systems e.g. Internet
• Global Consumerism e.g. Amazon
• Cosmopolitan Lifestyles
• World Sport e.g. Olympics
• International Tourism e.g. Package holidays

Question 11

Three perspectives on Globalisation

Answer 11

• Neoliberal
• Transformationalist
• Radical

Question 12

What is the Neoliberal Perspective on Globalisation?

Answer 12

• ‘Positive Globalists’
• It’s a good thing as it encourages free market
• ‘New World Order’
• Capitalism replaces other religious and philosophical movements
• Support cultural globalisation because if the market is truly ‘free’ there will be cultural homogenisation

Question 13

What is the Radical Perspective on Globalisation?

Answer 13

• ‘Negative Globalists’
• It only serves to increase inequality by making businesses more profitable through exploitative practices . ‘Structural Violence’
• Cultural Imperialism leads to Cultural Homogenisation
• TNCs and IGOs are empire builders.

Question 14

What is Structural Violence and who theorised it?

Answer 14

Galtung (1969)

Money is used to subjugate people in place of guns. E.g. Africa and South America

Question 15

What is the Transformationalist Perspective on Globalisation?

Answer 15

• Aren’t certain of the outcome
• Want to take an objective stance (Postmodernists)
• Cohen and Kennedy (2012) wrote the first paper on Transformationalist Theory

Question 16

Five points in Cohen & Kennedy’s Transformationalist Paper

Answer 16

• Globalisation might slow or reverse
• Might be able to reject negatives and accept positives outlined by others
• Homogenisation doesn;t need to happen, hybridisation instead
• Developing world culture is popular in the West, Cultural Imperialism isn’t 100% correct
• Unequal world system isn’t anyone’s fault

Question 17

What is Mcdonaldisation?

Answer 17

(Ritzer, 2000)

Sameness and rigid routine that characterises successful globalised businesses

Question 18

Sklair (1995) & Collier (2007) ‘s view on Winners & Losers of Globalisation

Answer 18

‘Winners of globalisation’ are a global ruling class no longer tied to national boundaries. Poorer people in poorer countries (‘Bottom Billion’) seem not to be helped by globalisation

Question 19

Klein (2000) ‘s view on Winners & Losers of Globalisation

Answer 19

TNCs are the winners of globalisation. Globalisation is a project by TNCs to further their own interests and profit

Question 20

Cohen & Kennedy (2012) ‘s view on Winners & Losers of Globalisation

Answer 20

Globalisation has created both ‘global winners’ who have increased their power and privileges and ‘global losers’ who have missed out.