Globalisation Flashcards

Question

What does the world bank aim to do?

Answer 1

* Aims to eliminate poverty and implement sustainable development (millenium development goals) * Similar to the IMF (pros and cons), and also has structural adjustments (conditions on loans and grants) on development loans that cause a change in the government * Proportional voting system (USA has the largest vote)

Answer 2

A political philosophy of free markets/trade, privatisation and increasing the role of bussiness in society (and decreasing the influence of the government) -It's thought by making trade easier, there will be more of it - wealth and reduction of poverty -Belief that government intervention impedes economic development

Answer 3

A difference in level or treatment - condition of being unequal.

Answer 4

-More economically developed country -Newly industrialised country -Less economically developed country -Least developed countries -Recently industrializing countries

Answer 5

Made by a company/individual in one country with business interests in another country, by establishing business operations/acquiring assets

Answer 6

Building new production facilities overseas in low wage economies | e.g. Nike in Indonesia

Answer 7

Two firms in different countries join to create one establishment | e.g. Shell headquarters in the Uk and the Netherlands

Answer 8

A TNC takes over a company in another country | e.g. Kraft in the US took over UK's Cadbury

Answer 9

Profits are channelled through a subsidiary company in a low-tax country | e.g. Apple through Ireland - not the HQ ## Footnote Subsidiary = a company which belongs to another (parent) company

Answer 10

* Originated in the US/EU money markets, and this undermined the world economy - NINJA loans (no income, no job) meant many banks lost lots of money and had to be 'bailed out' * Governments in developing countries became more skeptical about financial advice from Bretton Woods institutions - new alternatives emerging e.g. BRICS | Bretton Woods institutions - IMF, World Bank

Answer 11

Groups of countries in specific regions that manage and promote trade activities. -EU, European free trade area (EFTA), Association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN), Common market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

Answer 12

* Member states can get structural funds to help develop economies * EU countries have political unity and economic interdependence - shared currency * Promote peace and the well-being of it's citizens - make things better, easier and safer for people * Offer freedom, security and justice without internal borders (free movement/single market) * Development - balanced economic growth, price stablity, competitive market, employment ## Footnote Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Luxemborg (have the strongest voices). Ireland, Sweden, Portugal

Answer 13

* Monitors the stability and prices of the petroleum market * Produce 40% of the worlds oil * Have over 80% of the proven reserves (underground) * Renewable energy industries needs oil prices to stay high for people to want to invest

Answer 14

* UK, USA, Canada, Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy and France are all member countries * Started off as the world's strongest economies

Answer 15

* Promotes free-markets * Meets to discuss and create economic and social policy * Influence policies that promote equality, oppurtunity, prosperity and well-being for all

Answer 16

* To bring economic strength and security to nations * Encourage free trade - ensures it is more expenisve to import goods, so customers will prefer to purchase trade bloc goods instead

Answer 17

* Allows markets to grow * Smaller national firms within a trade bloc can merge to form TNC's - this is more cost effective * Promotes internal trade as there is free trade within blocs * Larger market increases demand raising the volume of production and lowering manufacturing costs - sold more cheaply and sales rise even further * Jobs created

Answer 18

* Regionalism - regional rather than central systems of administration * Loss of sovereignity - reduction of a states/countries power to govern itself, often due to external pressures/influences * Interdependency - one place increasingly has impacts on other places * Concessions - preferential allowance or rate * Inefficiencies protected - no competition

Answer 19

* Promotes peace and economic/political stability - members pledged to have no nuclear weapons * Worked to eliminate tariffs - for free trade * Moving towards a single market ## Footnote Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Phillipines (higher income/founders are more likely to have the strongest voices). Laos, Vietnam

Answer 20

* Countries outside of Trade blocs can become interdependent on each other -For example, Indonesia banned Nickel ore exports which affected the EU (makes stainless steel and batteries more expensive) -Dyson moved many factories and tech to malaysia (the EU offshores and outsources to ASEAN) - the EU is seeking a free trade agreement with Indonesia | More on Dyson case study card

Answer 21

NAFTA * Required 62.5% of a car to be manufactured in NA to reduce tariffs -Some claimed this made US citizens lose jobs (more things produced in Mexico due to cheaper labour) -Actually, it encouraged foreign companies to set up factories in NA due to no taxes USMCA * Required 75% of the car to be manufactured in NA -Meant fewer cars were sold and increased the price

Answer 22

* Increased American sanctions on China and tariffs on Chinese goods, rising wages in China, increased freight costs, pandemic induced border closures * Consumers demands have also caused firms to consider shortening their supply chains * Mexico has many free trade deals with the US and has a long land border with it - manufacturing wages are also cheaper here than in China * Many firms looking at moving out of China into Mexico e.g. Panasonic that opened a plant here in 2018 | Freight - goods transported in bulk

Answer 23

* Embraced neoliberalism * Embraced privitisation -until the 1980's some services were run by the state e.g. railways and energy supplies (this was expensive) - sold to private investors to reduce government spending * Encouraging business start ups - low business taxes (law changes = more profit for local and foreign businesses), sunday trading

Answer 24

* Foreign TNC's are now allowed to invest in some sectors of China's domestic markets * Control on population growth (no. children) in the beginning of China's development * Agreed to export more 'rare earth' minerals * Instant cities - rural to urban migration (to find better jobs) * Special economic zones * Low-wage factories meant large TNC's wanted to establish branch plants/trade relationships with Chinese owned factories

Answer 25

* An international measure of how much individuals are globalised * Introduced in 2002 it measures the 3 main dimensions of globalisation - economic, social and political

Answer 26

* (1975) Mainly spread across western countries -key countries: USA, Canada, Western Europe -Least globalisd countries: Russia, Africa and Asia * (1995) Has started to spread more evenly across Asia, and ex-soviet countries have globalised rapidly * (2015) South America has had the smallest increase in globalisation, and some parts of Asia and Central Africa remain the least globalised

Answer 27

* Economic - actual flows of trade, FDI, and restrictions applying to flows * Political - no. embassies and high comissions in a country, no. international organisations the country is a member of * Social - spread of ideas, information, images and people

Answer 28

* Available for many countries * Calculated on the basis of 24 variables (takes into account many factors) * Easy to compare between countries * Data has been taken for many years, so trends can be found * Uses a weighting system that balances different types of globalisation)

Answer 29

* Results can be driven by extreme outlying results, or missing data * Cultural globalisation is mainly the domination of US cultural products * Some measures are outdated: international letters per capita, trade in newspapers and books * Trade (and related), foreign populations, the true number of internet users can be hard to measure * Biased - smaller countries are over represented at the top * Informal economies and illegal migrants are not counted * Other things that can change the results, some countries: are small and don't have embassies, choose to stay neutral and don't join international organisations, have a large no. domestic tourists (big countries)

Answer 30

* Used to measure globalisation by taking into consideration 4 key factors -Economic intergration: Trade, FDI -Personal contact: Telephone traffic, travel, remittances, personal transfer -Technological connectivity: Internet users, internet hosts, secure servers -Political engagement: International organisations, UN peacekeeping, treaties, government transfers * The lowest value is given a 0, the highest a 1, relative values given inbetween - FDI, internet and telephone traffic weighted double

Answer 31

* Covers 96% of the worlds GDP * Covers 84% of the worlds population * Allows for comparison between countries and over time

Answer 32

* Only 64 countries included * Who decides which factors are more/less important * How do you measure cultural trends * Smaller countries usually take the top places - higher proportion/importance of FDI

Answer 33

A place that isn'tas globalised as other places e.g. North Korea

Answer 34

* A company that operates in more than one country - may have grown by buying up foreign firms in mergers and acquisitions

Answer 35

* Less laws/regulation on working conditions in other countries * Cheaper labour, so cheaper production costs * Closer to the raw material/components of a product * To be closer to seperate markets * To operate inside trade barriers * Some countries offer lower tax rates for FDI

Answer 36

* Where most of ther assets and senior staff are * Nationality of board of directors/other decision makers * Legal nationality of parent company * The nation used for diplomatic protection and support * Motive e.g. profit * Means e.g. free flow of capital * Mobility e.g. faster and cheaper transport

Answer 37

Positives * FDI increases the productivity of the labour force in developing economies (multiplier effect) -higher wages and rising living standards Negatives * Concentration of FDI in favoured regions - e.g. eastern over western China -can increase regional inequalities * Outsourcing and offshoring can lead to unemployment in developed economies -higher social security spending

Answer 38

Positives * World becoming Disneyfied -influences on urban planning (resort tourism with everything on site, themed fast food outlets) -media influence -e.g. French government paid 2 billion USD towards Eurodisneys construction (providing 30,000 jobs) Negatives * Can remove the culture of a country and make places more similar (Americanisation) - affects language, food, general culture

Answer 39

Positives * Parent companies can transfer technologies to their branch plants - help accelerate economic development in emerging economies * FDI can contribute to economic growth and provide jobs (multiplier effect) Negatives * Pay in the lowest tax bracket they can -reducing amount of money that goes to the countries government and increasing profit

Answer 40

Positives * International brands set high environmental standards - bring good practice into countries they invest in -e.g. Unilever sustainable living plan in 2010 Negatives * They can export the negative extra's of their activities to less developed countries where they operate -e.g. more manufacturing outside of the EU to avoid carbon taxes, dumping waste in LEDC's

Answer 41

* Apple gets its Tin from suppliers sourcing it from unregulated and illegal mines - makes it cheaper (no machinery costs) * There is always a high demand for tin, so provides many jobs * Sourcing it spoils fresh water supplies, kills coral reefs, damages mangroves and local communities

Answer 42

* The process of adapting global products or services to local markets -Recognises that different markets and cultures have different preferences and needs -e.g. Spiderman India - shows in a local setting (Marvel leased the character to an Indian firm) * Things that influence glocalisation include: peoples tastes, religion and culture, laws, local interest, raw materials

Answer 43

* The global relocation of industries since the 1960's * The movement of economic activity from MEDC's to LEDC's - from the west to Asia and South America * The shift comes with unethical practices - e.g. dangerous working conditions, child labour and a large gender pay gap * Polluting industries move to countries with fewer environmental rules and regulations harming the environment (and vice versa)

Answer 44

A sovereign state of which most citizens are united by factors which define a region e.g. language | Sovereign=ruler/possessing power

Answer 45

The world considered as a single community

Answer 46

Someone who emigrates to seek an improved standard of living

Answer 47

* It is controlled by the government -e.g. not all parts of the government are privatised * The UK has left the EU so does not recieve the benefits of being part of this trade bloc anymore

Answer 48

* Social media (e.g. Facebook, Google) have little/no access to China's markets - instead have their own versions * Government has a strict quota of 34 foreign films to be screened in cinemas each year * Strict controls on foreign TNC's in some sectors - government blocked Coca-cola's taking over of Huiyan juice in 2008 | China generally has a closed door apporach to global flows

Answer 49

* Totalitarian/communist government * Fear/hatred of the outside world, especially the west and the USA * No internet or phone access from the west -DEFENCE: Has a large army (24 million), and there is military training in schools, 15/20 nuclear missiles, Re-education camps

Answer 50

A transaction in which one party buys some or all of a company's shares potentially leading to a merger with the parent company

Answer 51

* Link together groups of countries through the production of goods * Forge connections between people in different countries by shaping common patterns of consumption * Much of the manufacturing is subcontracted to third parties - means it is hard to regulate working conditions

Answer 52

* Can find the lowest cost loaction e.g. can escape trade tariffs * Can reach foreign markets more effectively * Could exploit natural resources from foreign countries more easily * Primary sectors: move closer to that part of the operation * Secondary: Move towards cheaper labour e.g. in developing countries * Tertiary: Move towards cheap/skilled labour (language is a factor)

Answer 53

* All profits from Apple's European sales were recorded in Ireland because of their low tax rates -Profits in Europe didn't have to go through US headquarters where tax rate is more than 30% -The EU raised this so Apple had to pay back (11bil) the billions it had made by paying less tax * Apple outsources its manufacturing production to China ## Footnote Apple has over 492 stores across 19 countries (most no. shops in NA)

Answer 54

* McDonalds has successfully adapted to local markets -e.g. Pork is removed in Muslim countries (and food is made halal), and beef in Hindu countries (India), food is made kosher in Jewish countries, changing of language * The big mac index is based on PPP * Found in 120 countries ## Footnote First restaurant in 1955 (1974 in UK), 30000 restaurants in 120 countries, revenue mostly comes from the west

Answer 55

The influence of the american culture on countries outside of the US e.g. cuisine (McDonaldiastion)

Answer 56

* Shorter distances, so less money used for transport * Avoids import tax * Local sourcing is good pr * Better for the environment * Perishable goods can be used

Answer 57

* Containerisation * Information and communications revolution * Cheaper labour in LEDC's, so cheaper costs and more profit

Answer 58

Positives * Cheaper goods for MEDC's, and keeps the cost of living down * Gives exposure to new technologies in LEDC's * Leads to employment growth and multiplier effect Negatives * Can lead to exploitation * Job losses for unskilled workers which are often concentrated in certain areas - creates a gap with skilled workers

Answer 59

The use of government spending and tax policies to influence economic conditions

Answer 60

* Reduction in poverty -Infrastructure investment develops cities/helps impoverished communities -Jobs are created, raising household income and reducing poverty - multiplier effect * Increase in urban incomes -As education levels rise, wages rise - technology workers earn around $10 a day * Better education and training -Well educated in the English language - requirment to get a job in services for other English speaking countries -Investment in Indian institutes of technology produced many IT literate workers * Invetsment in infrastructure -Broadband access is high in tech hub cities e.g. Bangalore -Can help the country develop their power, transport and data communications systems

Answer 61

* Pollution and health problems -Realiance on coal fired power stations, home fires and vehicle exhaust emissions -Cancer clusters in industrial areas (with heavy pollution) * Loss of productive farmland -Lost 20% due to soil erosion, flooding by resevoirs, new roads, industry and urban development * An increase in unplanned settlements -Before, internal migration was controlled (hukou), demand for workers meant more annual urban hukous were issued - this seperates the settled from the migrant population (migrant workers lived in cramped hostels/squatter settlements on city edges) * Land degredation ->40% of China's soil is degraded from overuse/grazing, erosion, excess water (when dams overflow), pollution * Over exploitation of resources/resource pressure -Has many natural resources, but still imports many -Largest HEP potential - this would damage ecosystems * Loss of biodiversity -Forests have been cleared on the slopes of the Yangtzee river valley to replace farmland drowned by the three gorges dam | hukou=registration system

Answer 62

* Loss of productive farmland -Overuse of pesticides/fertilisers during the green revolution -Many lose their jobs (40% of workforce is in agriculture) * An increase in unplanned settlements -More rural to urban migration for jobs from FDI, but not enough housing to accomodate to this - leads to squatter settlements and slums (e.g. Dhavari >1mil) * Pollution and health problems -42/50 worlds most polluted cities arein India e.g. Delhi -Increases risk for heart disease, diabetes and respiratory disease * Land degredation -Due to land and water mismanagement, agricultural and livestock pressure (over cultivation/grazing), urbanisation, deforestation, and extreme weather events (e.g. coastal surges -salinates land) * Loss of biodiversity -Due to deforestation (settlement, mining, agriculture) -Pollution/climate crisis led to loss of land (and therfore biodiversity) -Lost 90% of the area under it's 4 biodiversity hotspots * Over exploitation of resources/resource pressure -3x more resources are extracted than the global ave. -Over harvesting of fish and timber

Answer 63

* Most of the population speaks English (attracts customer service etc) * Highly skilled labour forcewith good technical universities (attracts IT and software services) * Much lower labour costs

Answer 64

* Investment in infrastructure -Infrastructure expansion e.g. Three gorges HEP dam, high speed rail link -Shenzhen-Shanghai-Beijing * Reduction in poverty -As more unskilled/labour workers are needed, more rural to urban migration to work jobs with better wages - waged work lifted 680mil out of poverty since 1980 * Increase in urban incomes -Wage rates rising (low wage manufacturing moving to Vietnam and Bangladesh) * Better education and training -Education is free and complusory for 5-15 year olds -Literacy rate risen from 20% (1950's) to 84% (2015) -7 million uni graduates in 2014 (15x higher than 2000)

Answer 65

* A model which explains why economic wealth and GDP becomes concentrated in certain regions -Areas which attract TNC's and FDI develop and then attract even more * An area is well connected - so attracts FDI - there is a higher demand for goods, services and infrastructure - country becomes wealthier

Answer 66

* Majority of people that live in industrial towns work in that industry * When they are shut down, many lose their jobs and can't find new ones - skills aren't very transferrable * The government needs to pay the wages of the people that no longer work Positives: -Towns are much cleaner, and derelict areas (where factories were) can be turned into new housing

Answer 67

* Large TNC's cut costs at the expense of LEDC's - disposal of the chemical waste wasn't costly, but the large TNC didn't pay * European TNC sent waste to be treated in the Ivory Coast - "there are no facilities capable of handling this" * Local companies were given the waste and illegally dumped it * Dumping near a local community caused foul smells, nausea, headaches, skin sores and nose bleeds

Answer 68

* All Dyson vacuums were made in a factory in the Uk until production moved to Malaysia in 2002 * 800 semi-skilled workers lost their jobs * Justification: offshoring meant more profit (lower costs), so more investment in R&D - more Uk jobs long term -4500 Uk workers in 2018 (much larger than before moving abroad) -300 new jobs created from expansion (not possible if production was still in the UK) | R&D = research and development

Answer 69

Positives: -Much cheaper products/services - the products cost less to make and services are cheaper to run Negatives -Many factory workers jobs lost -Rising crime in low income neighbourhoods - e.g. gun crime in US urban districts -Drug related crime is the basis of an informal economy in some poor neighbourhoods - 'switched off' to global flows, 'switched on' to illegal flows

Answer 70

Positive -Education has improved - more unis, Asian countries have a leading role in the quaternary sector -Reduction in absolute poverty -Infrastructure development has brought motor-ways, airports etc Negative -Extreme high rise development - loss of recreational spaces, older neighbourhoods - leads to housing inequality and unplanned settlements (e.g. Mumbai Dharavi slum home to millions)

Answer 71

Positives -Depopulation in inner cities -TNC's that invest in the LEDC's earn money for the country where HQ is -Lower production costs can mean more investment in the tertiary/quaternary sector of the company - e.g. Dyson Negatives -Deindustrialisation, unemployment, and spiral of decline -Towns/cities dependent on one industry have much less money - become dependent on the government for paying wages

Answer 72

Positives -Economic growth and multiplier effect leading to cumulative causation (boosted by technology transfer) -Increased employment and incomes in urban areas and secondary industry/sector -Reduction in absolute poverty Negatives -Inequality increases between poor rural areas and richer urban areas -TNC's moving out of an area can cause instability there

Answer 73

Positives -Less factories means less pollution - better air quality *Less exploitation of resources Negatives -Derelict land including unproductive land, visual pollution and contaminated waste/land -Crime - small acts of vandalism are tolerated, and then more serious problems are common

Answer 74

The loss of industry (especially secondary sectors) - leads to long term unemployment (structural unemployment) and general decline

Answer 75

Positive -More infrastructure to improve environmental quality (especially as the country gains more money) Negatives -Urbanisation/industrialisation leads to a destruction of habitats (loss of biodiversity and ecosystems) -Increased pollution/reduced air quality due to industrialisation and traffic congestion etc. -Overexploitation of resources -Dumping of industrial waste -Productive cropland lost

Answer 76

* Economic -Many workers paid under minimum wage to compete with low prices and still get business (done sneakily) * Environmental -Previous industrial land left abandoned/derelict -Lots was contaminated from previous dumping of chemical/industrial waste * Social -Populations in UK inner cities declined in the 70s/80s -Many areas became run down and housing was cheap - people on low incomes/unemployment benefits moved here - often contains large ethnic populations, and crime reputations (changed - gentrification) -Areas of deprivation often coincide with previous indutrial areas

Answer 77

A city/metropolitan area with a population of more than 10 million people

Answer 78

The movement of people towards the urban centre

Answer 79

A refugee is someone who has left their country due to fear of persecution or risk of personal safety. An asylum seeker is someone that hasn't yet been granted refugee status.

Answer 80

The decision to migrate is based on a balance of positive and negative push and pull factors, if the positive pull factors are strong enough, someone may choose to overcome the intervening obstacles ## Footnote Obstacles include: Language barriers, cultural differences, travel costs, personal safety, host country government policies, political borders, physical features

Answer 81

* Range of employment (TNC's) so better jobs (e.g. better paid/better oppurtunities) * More access to services/better ones, so better quality of life * Safer * Less risk of natural hazards * More tertiary sectors e.g. for leisure

Answer 82

* Instability e.g. government, war, food/resources * Isolation * Lack of services e.g. education, healthcare * Fast population growth -Leads to underemployment and depressed wages * Degredation of farmland * Pollution

Answer 83

* Largest city in India, 4th largest in the world * Western coast of India - Arabian sea * A history of fishing * It was the headquarters of the British East India company

Answer 84

* Large flow of rural to urban migration into megacities * International migration * High natural increase * Inter-urban migration (small city to megacity) -Smaller flow of rural to urban migration into small cities

Answer 85

* By 2050 it will be one of the top 5 largest cities in the world -From 1960-1999, population increased from 1.5 to 11.4 million * The city is in an area of lagoons, so is a natural harbour

Answer 86

* More people ininformal jobs means government loses out on tax * Lots of demand for housing increases its prices -More informal settlements * Management of waste can be difficult, and cause contamination of land/water and health problems * Lack of green space, loss of productive land, deforestation * HIgh population densities means disease can be spread faster, and there aren't enough services to manage it quickly * More people in poverty leads to higher crime rates * Strain on services and housing

Answer 87

A form of development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Answer 88

* Natural resources (physical factors aid growth of industry and startegic location encourages investment) -Oil, coastline (ideal for trade) * Human resources -Large labour force (skilled labour), the languages spoken - attracts service providers * Government policy open to investment * Flows of internal/international migrants, capital and TNC investment into the global hub

Answer 89

* Produced many jobs for people in Malaysia and Singapore (12,000 work in production in Malaysia) * Postive for the Malaysian economy by the creation of high skilled and well paid jobs * New digital motors plant in Singapore

Answer 90

* Places that are 'switched on'/world cities * Make other places want to connect with them - possess a particular attribute to do this -e.g. host major TNC's, diverse culture as there are flows of people, finance, trade, and ideas

Answer 91

* In Malaysia, wages are lower, but labour is more skilled than other countries * Well positioned to other markets - e.g. Asia's fast growing middle class, and those concerned about pollution - and where other parts are manufactured * 90% of products are sold outside of the UK * Singapore has access to high-growth markets, extensive supply chain, and highly skilled workforce * Danger of copycat manufacturing in China

Answer 92

* James Dyson invented the first cyclonic bagless vacuum * In 2018, revenue was £4.4bil and profit was£1.1bil * Global employees - 4500 in the UK * Headquarters moved to Singapore in 2021 - from Malmsebury in the UK

Answer 93

* Finance -Commercial capital of India -Attracted a cluster of financial institutions -Attracts headquarters of Indian companies, and TNC's (brings lots of new, higher paying jobs) * Government -Centre of gov for Maharastra state -State and central gov employees make up a large % of cities workforce * Manufacturing -Focused on textiles (no longer profitable, so many jobs were lost) * Transport -Many workers at the port (40% of Indias foreign trade) ## Footnote - A magnet for employees (better public services, because they are easier to fund in more densely populated areas - increase productivity and incomes) - Creative people are attracted (more funding) - More education oppurtunities

Answer 94

* Driven by fast rural to urban migration -Leads to underemployment and scarcity of goods * High natural increase -Migrants are child bearing age * The bigger the percieved contrast between rural and urban life, the higher the growth * Improved transport and communication decreases obstacles

Answer 95

* They want to work more hours than they currently work * They are working in a job that requires lower skills than they have

Answer 96

* Availability of jobs, and higher wages * To join family members * Better services - improved healthcare, more education oppurtunities * Perception of less overcrowded housing - few shanty towns, new governmental housing, mostly formal -Some slum clearance (CBD parts redeveloped) -Most slums aren't new and on the edge of the city -Elite housing in centre and on fringe * Retail, commerce and offices concentrated in the CBD - most industry is dispersed

Answer 97

* Mechanisation of farming * Greater use of land to grow cash crops for export * Environmental hazards * Lack of rural investment * International migration (refugees from wars in nearby countries) * Oil production in Ogoniland

Answer 98

* High birth rates -Contraception not widely available/little education on them -Polygamy -Children provide security for parents -Children from in-migrants, response to high infant mortality rates * Lower death rate -Fewer childbirth deaths -Medical improvements -Increased calories (less malnutrition) -Less old people

Answer 99

* Needs 10,000 new homes per year * Very high crime rate * Unemployment increasing - job competition due to new migrants, so job security falling * Informal sector growing * Lots of traffic and pollution * Demand for health facilities growing * Women seen as less than men - easier to expolit

Answer 100

* Loss/degredation of farmland * Pollution * Land grabs and conflict

Answer 101

* Wealthy migrants that arewelcomed into a country because of the investment and capital that they bring * HIghly skilled migrants -e.g. Skilled and affluent Americans, Russian oligarchs

Answer 102

* Less skilled workers, often moving to new regions to find work * Not welcomed the same way elites are * Often take great risks (e.g. vessels are unsafe), and can be exploited by 'people traffickers' | e.g. Africa to Mediterranean, Mexico to USA

Answer 103

* Indian workers in the UAE -Make up 30% of the total population -$15billion to India in remittances -Transport, construction and manufacturing -1/5 professional workers in services * Filipino workers in Saudi Arabia -1.5 million migrants since 1973 when rising oil prices brought enormous wealth to the country -$7 billion dollars back in remittances -Construction, transport, doctrs and nurses -Reports of ill-treatment

Answer 104

* Taxes are collected and invested into the city * Resources are provided for the population * Resource provision minimises environmental damage and pollution * The populations social needs are met * As the population is healthy and educated, further economic growth occurs | Good urabn governance

Answer 105

* Water pollution, untreated sewage, air pollution -which can create problems for city planners

Answer 106

* Provision of adequate housing and services can be a challenge in developing countries * In developed countries, there are challenges to regulate the housing market to make affordable housing available for low-income groups -It can be hard to achieve unless urban employment needs are met

Answer 107

* Human trafficking - even if the person dies, the traffickers are still expected to be paid * The danger are often not understood by non-English speakers

Answer 108

* 23 Chinese migrants drowned here * They were working at night harvesting cockles, and were cut off by rising tides * Most died of hypothermia

Answer 109

* In Liverpool, there were 60 workers living in an 11 room house * 58 Chinese people suffocated while being muggled in the back of a lorry going to Dover

Answer 110

* Countries depending on eachother -Interdependence for goods, economic * Social and political interdependence has increased due to migration

Answer 111

* Migrants with jobs in higher paying countries send remittances back to their home country - improves economy of home country * Developed countries can also be dependent on low skill/wage workers * Companies can rely on goods for developing countries - e.g. Starbucks and coffee beans * Large diasporas in one country can strengthen that countries relationship with the home country

Answer 112

* Fill skills shortages - e.g. labour * Earnings get taxed * May pay rent, benefiting landlords * May establish new businesses and employ others - can lead to spread of culture

Answer 113

* Remittances can contribute to national earnings * Less public spending for unemployed people * Migrants may return bringing new skills, or wealth * Some government spening cuts (e.g. education) are transferred to the host region

Answer 114

* Social tensions rise - the lack of affordable housing etc can be blamed on migrants * Political parties can change their policies to address concerns of migration * Local shortages of primary school places - natural increase among youthful immigrants

Answer 115

* Economic loss of people schooled at the governments expense - e.g. doctors (braindrain) * Reduced economic growth as consumption falls * Increase in proportion of aged dependents * Closure of university courses due to lack of students * Closure of services for young adults, and deriliction to urban built environments

Answer 116

* Language - national languages with local dialects/languages of different indigenous ethnic groups * Religion * Clothing - reflect climate and religious teachings * Food - reflect crops, herbs and animals available locally * Traditions - behaviours and manners passed down generations * Values

Answer 117

* Spread of the beliefs and social activites of one culture to different ethnicities, religions, and nationalities

Answer 118

* As a result of globalisation * Tourism and migration * Through social media * Through movies e.g. Disney * The easy spread of goods from all over the world - Amazon

Answer 119

* The spread of western culture, leading to the degredation of other cultures -This can have impacts on both people and the environment * Has led to the awareness of oppurtunities for disadvantaged groups | e.g. changing diets in Asia, Paralympic movement in China

Answer 120

* The influence of the USA and western Europe * Americanisaiton is similar * Mcdonaldisation is the spread of western culture through food (fast food) * It can impact language, eating habits, clothes, and how we view governance

Answer 121

* A policy of extending a countries power and influence through colonisation, use of military force, or other means

Answer 122

* The global influence a country derives from its culture, political values, and diplomacy

Answer 123

* Very rich man that owns many powerful and influential companies * He owns news outlets, so he may be able to change the narrative of the news, to influence people to feel a certain way -e.g. Fox news has a very republican view point * He also has influence over TV networks, where his ideas be incorporated in shows

Answer 124

* Cuba was isolated for 50 years due to being supported by the USSR * When this ended, Cuba began accepting some foreign capital (mainly from tourism) * 2008 free enterprise businesses allowed again * Food, music and architecture are changing * Beach resorts have changed the coastline, and coral reefs are threatened * Cap on remittances from the US has been lifted * Tourists, and TV bring culture with

Answer 125

* Global media helped turn the paralympic games into a huge event - celebration of athletes with disabilities * China 2008 paralympics changed oppurtunities for disabled people, and brought awareness - increased facilities for disabled people

Answer 126

* Some of the worlds last isolated groups - have lived in the same place for thousands of years * Becoming aware of western culture * Clothing has changed (westernised) * More young Amazonians are moving to urban areas * Ecosystem is no longer being valued as much * Social goals are becoming more important, and they want, income, education, and health improvements * Papua new Guinea's tree kangaroo is under threat * Peru's Jaguars are endangered because of hunting to eat or sell

Answer 127

* Rise in methane emissions from livestock farming * Crops imported from across the world * China needs more food, so cheap land is bought in other countries * Traditional foods also have an impact e.g. Shark fin soup in China shows social prestige

Answer 128

* Changing from a healthy mix of vegetables and meat, to much more meat and processed foods -In the 90s, in China, meat consumption increased from 5 to 50kg per capita -China is one of the countries that makes the most amount of processed foods in the world

Answer 129

* More meat menas more saturated fats, so there is a higher risk of things such as heart disease * More processed foods can lead to an increase in obesity -People are getting less nutrients as they eat more of this

Answer 130

* Wants the UK to stop approving new fossil fuel projects - major cause of climate change * Protests -Have shut down major roads such as the M25 and Dartford crossing -Targeted sproting events (wimbledon, world snooker champ) -Cultural events (Les mis, BBC proms) * Hundreds of supporters have been arrested * They are successful, because they favour non-violent actions and social disruption

Answer 131

* The belief that a developed society is one where everyone has the right to vote

Answer 132

* The belief that individuals should have the right to pursue their own actions and dreams

Answer 133

* The belief that markets should be free, and the people should be at liberty to make money how they choose

Answer 134

* The belief that wealth, and the ability to buy goods and services, leads to happiness

Answer 135

* A major power imposes ideas or values on less powerful nations

Answer 136

* After the invasion of Iraq * George.W.Bush, who was an unpopular president - so global anti-US opinion rose

Answer 137

* Anti-globalisation movement protest at G8/G20 and WTO summits * Anti-capitalism protests against McDonalds

Answer 138

* Different cultures can share environmentally friendly practices * Innovative ideas can be shared - e.g. at COP summits * Spread of other cultures can promote eating more plant-based foods which releases less CO2

Answer 139

* Governments with similar views can make agreements - they can better understand eachothers cultures * Governments can work together to tackle global issues or respond to events * Governments can learn from eachother - e.g. beneficial laws may be shared

Answer 140

* Shifting attitudes and awarness of oppurtunities for disadvantaged groups - e.g. paralympics, and womens rights movements * Spread of cultural food and goods from other countries * Improved services * Global awarness and recognition of history - e.g. UNESCO world heritage sites

Answer 141

* Consumerism promotes fast fashion etc which leads to increased emissions - e.g. Shein * Over exploitation of natural resources for TNC's - e.g. Apple * Changes in diet - e.g. increased meat consumption releases more CO2 * Increased trade and transport leads to more emissions

Answer 142

* Exploitation to keep up with demand from TNC's - e.g. sweat shops, Shein * Local businesses outcompeted by TNC's * Loss of language and tradition * Deepens inequality between the rich and the poor * Rising social tensions e.g. due to migration

Answer 143

* Westernisation and pressure to conform to western values * Government overpowered by TNC's

Answer 144

* Open borders - EU citizens are free to move around the EU * The freedom to invest oin businesses or transfer capital * FDI - in 2015, the UK attracted over 32,000 jobs from overseas owned companies investing in software and financial services * Historical links - e.g. the commonwealth

Answer 145

* Distributions of people away from their homelands * Forming a community in a new country

Answer 146

* People have started to say no to migration, and in theory globalisation * Extreme/far right political parties -National front in France -EDL and reform in the UK -AfD in Germany (alt for deutsch) * Since 2014, streams of refugees from Syria have caused tensions inbetween Greece and other Balkan countries

Answer 147

* China owns half of the length of the river * Myanmar is the least affected * Laos is dependent on the river for agriculture * In Vietnam, the fertile area supports the population * Cambodia depends in annual flooding for rice * Thailand uses the HEP electricity created for rural investment and industrial development

Answer 148

* 1995 treaty (Mekong river agreement) required the governments to agree to any proposals to new dams before they go ahead * This aimed to share water allocations in the Mekong river basin

Answer 149

* Continuing to dam the mekong river further upstream will reduce the river flow in Vietnam - 10% has already been lost * Damming the river in China would encourage economic development in one of its poorest regions - HEP

Answer 150

* Donald Trump proposed building a wall along the US - Mexico border * The UK is limiting net migration (no longer free movement in from other European countries - not EU) -Arguments from opponents of immigration - skills shortages, cheap migrant labour

Answer 151

* The suppression of prohibition of things - used when the free flow of information and ideas (from globalisation) is seen as a threat

Answer 152

* China -State-controlled: e.g Print publishing, or broadcasting via TV or radio -State-monitored: Overseas contacts or media are monitored and censored (TV, print media, radio, film, theatre, internet etc) -e.g. China allows 34 foregin films to be released in cinemas per year

Answer 153

* Dene people rely on fishing, hunting and trapping * Alcohol and drugs brought by oil workers have major impacts on communities and affect the behaviour of young people

Answer 154

* Depletion of forests in Cambodia - firewood is the main energy source * Rice growth is bad for the environmanet and flooding can reducse biodiversity (Cambodia) * HEP is a more sustainable/renewable source of energy/electricity

Answer 155

* In 2016, cheap Chinese steel was 'dumped' onto global markets, at prices subsidised by the Chinese government - to protect its manufacturers * Meant, in the UK Tata steel put all plants up for sale | The free market can be challenging for national governments

Answer 156

* Raise tariffs on imported steel to protect domestic producers -Forbidden by WTO rules

Answer 157

* Death of trout and other fish due to oil polluted lakes * Loss in biodiversity * Water pollution from fracking

Answer 158

* First nations: six groups of indigenous people (their occupation of the land predates European arrival) * Global oil companies - Shell, Exxon mobil, Imperial oil, Conocophillips Can * Some of the Mackenzie and Yukon river basins oppose the attempts of global oil companies to exploit their region * Dene residents of the santu region have already experienced negative impacts of globalisation and petroleum development

Answer 159

* The social and economic disparity between the wealthy and the poor

Answer 160

* Living on less than $2.29 per person per day -From the world bank

Answer 161

* The power to drive countries from primitive to more advanced states passes through a development cable -Core is economic growth, technology and enterprise -Outer casing is different strands that represent different aspects of developmental growth (education, HDI etc)

Answer 162

* Emerging countries are playing an expanding role - reversal of FDI flows from emerging to developed countried * Chinas one road strategy (One belt = land, one road = sea route) -Aim is to form a cohesive economic area by building infrastructure to increase trade and enhance cultural exchanges

Answer 163

* Economic indicators focus on the wealth - in USD -GDP, GNI, PPP, Imports/exports as a % of GDP, energy consumption, employment structure * Human/socal indicators assess the well-being of the nations people -urban population, Cals per day, life expectancy, adult literacy, doctors per 100,000 people * Environmental indicators assess the environmental quality of a nation

Answer 164

* Made up of life expectancy, literacy rates, infant mortality and school enrollment

Answer 165

* The value of all goods and services earned by a country including companies working abroad

Answer 166

* Made up of daily calorie intake, access to clean water, inflation rate, access to communications, political freedom and civil rights

Answer 167

* Relates average earnings to prices and what they will actually buy you

Answer 168

* The value of all goods and services earned by a country (excluding foreign earnings)

Answer 169

* Made up of life expectancy, literacy rates, and infant mortality

Answer 170

* Income disparity * A high gini shows wealth is concentrated among a few * A low gini shows more equall distribution * Compared against the even distribution line

Answer 171

* Arrange in ascending order * Find total income * Find % of income compared to population * Find cumulative % * Plot on graph as a lorenz curve

Answer 172

* New Polish migrants have joined the Balham diaspora, many shops have welcomed them to the local economy - some worry young migrants are increasing the birth rates beyond the capacity of primary schools * UK to the Meditteranean - British diasporas across the coastlines, many bars and cafes, however, young brits have strained cultural relations with communities

Answer 173

* Points system to check economic migrants skills/resources 1- highly skilled 2- skilled workes with a specific job offer to fill gaps in the UK labour force 3- lower skilled workers to fill specific temp labour shortages 4- students 5- temporary workers/youth mobility * Reduced migration due to no free flows from EU countries

Answer 174

* Paris attacks on Charlie Hebdo - satirical cartoonist * Images of Prphet Muhammad were published so an attack was placed on the office during an editorial meeting -Al-Qaeda Arabic peninsula claimed responsibility, but unknown if it was them

Answer 175

* 146 out of 200 countries have met/are on track to meet the under 5 mortality target * 40% women's representation in sub-saharan Africa (surpasses global avergae by 10%) * Between 2015 and 2022 there were -687 million more people with access to safely managed drinking services -911 million more with access to safely managed sanitation services -637 million more with basic hygiene services * Renewable sources power nearly 30% of energy consumption

Answer 176

* >780 million face chronic hunger * >100 million families fleeing war * Human rights violations * 1.1C warming of the Earth * Biodiversity is rapidly being lost

Answer 177

* Planet * People * Prosperity * Dignity * Justice * Partnership

Answer 178

1. End poverty in all forms everywhere 3. Ensure healthy lives, and promote well-being for all ages 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Answer 179

* Filled in the gaps the MDG's were missing and were criticized on -Economic growth -Justice -Peace -Inequalities -Climate change -Decent jobs -Industrialisation -Energy

Answer 180

* Imporved tax collection from formal work * Increase in South-South cooperation and financial flows * Stricter controls on flows of money * Rich countries - overseas development aid

Answer 181

* Aim to address the needs of people in the developed and developing world -replace and build upon the achievments of the MDG's * Look at improving the world based around globalisation and issues globalisation has created e.g. larger inequalities between countries and regions * Developed countries help the developing

Answer 182

* Created because of a decline in aid given by rich countries to the developing world * They were: -too narrow in scope -modest in ambition -problem with statistical data on which progress was measured (assessment of progress shows the poorest - others disadvantaged by gender, age and disability are by passed) * The SDG's are more wide ranging * They take the view of those they are affecting into better account - represents more people (my world survey)

Answer 183

* There is no mechanism for enforcing targets on individual countries * It is hard to measure

Answer 184

* MDG's achieved progress for women and girls - mainly for those who were quite well off * In the SDG's, it is one of the most important and comprehensive themes - greater scope, aspiration and wider vision for W&G -e.g. ending female genital mutilation, and child marriage

Answer 185

* New 5 year work permits for unskilled workers, hoping to attract over 500,000 new overseas workers by 2025

Answer 186

* The countries birth rate dropped below replacement level in the 1970's, and the country has the world's longest life expectancy * Japan will only accept those who have specific skills, and can work immediately to address serious labour shortages, only in sectors that need them

Answer 187

* In 2017 it accepted 3 asylum seekers * Its donations to the UN high commissioner for Refugees have also slipped

Answer 188

* Plan to become a net zero business by 2040 * Work with trusted suppliers to reduce scope 3 emissions (have close and long lasting relationships with farms and factories) * Is working with other companies and is with a member of the Business ambition for 1.5C and part of the race to zero campaign * Became the first major retailer to remove free plastic bags in 2008 * Launched the first clothes recycling scheme in 2008 * Became first major retailer in the UK and ROI to have carbon neutral status

Answer 189

* MNC's undermine the ability of states to manage their own economies * MNC's intergrate national economies into global networks, therefore, nation states no longer have total control over their economies * Trade blocs reduce nation states management over their economy * Things such as the IMF and WTO have a huge impact on a nations economy, weakening its security and independence

Answer 190

* Nation states are considered less important, as their power is diminishing

Answer 191

* Anti-immigration * Anti-democratic tendancies * Corruption * Favour anti-liberal policies * Many opposed to the support of Ukraine * Hostility to the EU

Answer 192

* Reliant on technology provided by fossil fuels * Non-seasonal foods from far away * Travel - high carbon footprint * 24 hour production due to outsourcing (helped by containerisation) * As population increases, consuming class increases - in 2025, pop was 7.9 billion, 4.2 billion in the consuming class ## Footnote Three E's: Equity, environment, economy. Globalisation is the problem and solution - new technology and greater awarness of world issues, and emergence of global consequence

Answer 193

* Rejecting globalisation and promoting local communties

Answer 194

1985: Liva aid (drought and famine in Ethiopia) 1987: Montreal protocols (deals with ozone depletion) 1992: Earth summit (178 countries vote to adopt strategies to help the environment) 1997-2005: Kyoto protocol 2005: Gleneagles agreement (relieve debt burden on HIPC's) 2006: Stern report 2007: Live earth concerts (climate change) Paris agreement | HIPC - heavily indebted poor country

Answer 195

* Increased FOOD demand: increased meat and dairy consumption, chocolate, coffee, wine (global commodities) * WATER for animal husbandry and crop growth, and more use at home * 50% increase in global energy use by 2035, and plastics: more greenhouse gases, and oil use

Globalisation Flashcards

(220 cards)