1
Q
Explain containerisation
Maersk case study
A
- Previously, everything was packed individually, meaning many had to be employed, so the process was costly (and took lots of time)
- In 1956, the modern shipping container was created (with standard dimensions - global design), which led to the creation of large container ships
- Less staff, more space, which reduced time and cost
Meant travel costs for items became much cheaper which meant a larger carbon footprint, as goods were being transported more (it was easier)
2
Q
How do low cost airlines link to globalisation, e.g. what tech is used and what are pros and cons?
Easy jet case study
A
Easy jet overview
* Mainly flies to European destinations
- Fibre optics are used to move data and manage finances
- GIS/GPS used to track flights and give destination details
- Internet used to order flight tickets
Benefits
* More people can go to more remote/less travelled to destinations
* Made places more connected
* Doesn’t take as long to travel
* Cheaper, so more accessible
* Sharing of culture happens
* Multiplier effect occurs (tourists spend money, more jobs are created etc)
* People can more easily make connections (e.g. with friends/family)
Cons
* More people flying means larger environmental impact
* Uncomfortable flying conditions
* Larger starin on tourist destinations (e.g. to improve services, increase spac, tourists prioritised over locals)
3
Q
How did SAP’s lead to water supply issues in Bolivia?
Water privatisation in Bolivia Case study
A
- Bolivia was recieving loans and debt relief from the IMF and World bank
- After privatising many other public sectors (e.g. railroads and and electric company), The World bank pressured Bolivia to privatise its water systems
- There were threats to withdraw debt reilief if this didn’t happen ($600million USD)
- This meant raised water prices (for profit) which many couldn’t afford
Augus del Tunari eventaully withdrew (after buying), asking for $25 million in compensation - water is back in the public’s hands - Without new investment, the water system hasn’t improved, or expanded
4
Q
How have TNC’s affected the environment in lower income countries?
Apple case study
A
- Apple gets its Tin from suppliers sourcing it from unregulated and illegal mines - makes it cheaper (no machinery costs)
- There is always a high demand for tin, so provides many jobs
- Sourcing it spoils fresh water supplies, kills coral reefs, damages mangroves and local communities
5
Q
How does globalisation affect developing countries?
Waste in the Ivory coast case study
A
- Large TNC’s cut costs at the expense of LEDC’s - disposal of the chemical waste wasn’t costly, but the large TNC didn’t pay
- European TNC sent waste to be treated in the Ivory Coast - “there are no facilities capable of handling this”
- Local companies were given the waste and illegally dumped it
- Dumping near a local community caused foul smells, nausea, headaches, skin sores and nose bleeds
6
Q
What were the impacts on the country of origin from the global shift?
Dyson case study
A
- All Dyson vacuums were made in a factory in the Uk until production moved to Malaysia in 2002
- 800 semi-skilled workers lost their jobs
- Justification: offshoring meant more profit (lower costs), so more investment in R&D - more Uk jobs long term
-4500 Uk workers in 2018 (much larger than before moving abroad)
-300 new jobs created from expansion (not possible if production was still in the UK)
R&D = research and development
7
Q
What are the impacts on the host countries from global shift?
Dyson case study
A
- Produced many jobs for people in Malaysia and Singapore (12,000 work in production in Malaysia)
- Postive for the Malaysian economy by the creation of high skilled and well paid jobs
- New digital motors plant in Singapore
8
Q
What was the attraction of the host countries?
Dyson case study
A
- In Malaysia, wages are lower, but labour is more skilled than other countries
- Well positioned to other markets - e.g. Asia’s fast growing middle class, and those concerned about pollution - and where other parts are manufactured
- 90% of products are sold outside of the UK
- Singapore has access to high-growth markets, extensive supply chain, and highly skilled workforce
- Danger of copycat manufacturing in China
9
Q
Give me information about Dyson, and its growth.
Dyson case study
A
- James Dyson invented the first cyclonic bagless vacuum
- In 2018, revenue was £4.4bil and profit was£1.1bil
- Global employees - 4500 in the UK
- Headquarters moved to Singapore in 2021 - from Malmsebury in the UK
10
Q
What happened at Morecambe bay in 2004?
A
- 23 Chinese migrants drowned here
- They were working at night harvesting cockles, and were cut off by rising tides
- Most died of hypothermia
- Trafficked into the country
11
Q
How can tourism spread culture?
Cuba case study
A
- Cuba was isolated for 50 years due to being supported by the USSR
- When this ended, Cuba began accepting some foreign capital (mainly from tourism)
- 2008 free enterprise businesses allowed again
- Food, music and architecture are changing
- Beach resorts have changed the coastline, and coral reefs are threatened
- Cap on remittances from the US has been lifted
- Tourists, and TV bring culture with
12
Q
How can cultural diffusion help bring oppurtunities for disadvantaged groups?
China paralympics
A
- Global media helped turn the paralympic games into a huge event - celebration of athletes with disabilities
- China 2008 paralympics changed oppurtunities for disabled people, and brought awareness - increased facilities for disabled people
13
Q
How has cultural diffusion impacted some of the last isolated group on earth?
Indigenous people of Amazonia and Papua new guinea
A
- Some of the worlds last isolated groups - have lived in the same place for thousands of years
- Becoming aware of western culture
- Clothing has changed (westernised)
- More young Amazonians are moving to urban areas
- Ecosystem is no longer being valued as much
- Social goals are becoming more important, and they want, income, education, and health improvements
- Papua new Guinea’s tree kangaroo is under threat
- Peru’s Jaguars are endangered because of hunting to eat or sell
14
Q
How are Asian diets changing?
Mainly Chinese
A
- Changing from a healthy mix of vegetables and meat, to much more meat and processed foods
-In the 90s, in China, meat consumption increased from 5 to 50kg per capita
-China is one of the countries that makes the most amount of processed foods in the world
15
Q
Who is involved in the trans-border water conflict?
Mekong river case study
A
- China owns half of the length of the river
- Myanmar is the least affected
- Laos is dependent on the river for agriculture
- In Vietnam, the fertile area supports the population
- Cambodia depends in annual flooding for rice
- Thailand uses the HEP electricity created for rural investment and industrial development
16
Q
When was the Christchurch earthquake, what was it’s magnitude?
Christchurch case study
A
- February 2011
- 6.3 on the richter scale
17
Q
Why was there so much liquefaction in Christchurch, but not in the surrounding areas?
How much had the ground sunk?
Christchurch case study
A
- The epicentre was very close to Christchurch, so the shaking was much greater here
-The focus was also shallow - In most places, it was up to 10cm (some places experienced more than this)
18
Q
What was the February 2011 earthquake considered as?
Christchurch case study
A
An aftershock of the earthquake that happened six months earlier in 2010 (this had a higher magnitude, but caused less damage)
19
Q
What were the factors affecting the impact?
Christchurch case study
A
- Geology - there is lots of loose sediment (unconsolidated material) in this area
- Liquefaction
- Intense ground shaking due to: high energy levels released along the fault line, the direction the energy was released in, the shallow depth and close proximity of the epicentre
20
Q
What were the impacts and responses?
Christchurch case study
A
- The death toll was 184
- In the city centre, 80% of the water and sewage systems were destroyed
- The estimated cost of repairs was £8 billion
- 10,000 buildings needed to be demolished, and 100,000 repaired
21
Q
What were the characteristics of the volcano?
Eyjafjallajokull case study
A
- Constructive plate boundary
- VEI of 3
- There is a glacier above the volcano
- 10km high ash plume containing sulfur
22
Q
What was a the prediction and preparation?
Eyjafjallajokull case study
A
- Warning signs
-Shallow earthquakes, deformation of the crust, minor eruptions - Preparation: Diggers were positioned next to dam rivers, texts were sent to locals with a 30 minute warning, high river banks
- Around 15 eruptions of this scale usually happen each year in Iceland, so they are prepared
23
Q
What were the responses?
Eyjafjallajokull case study
A
- Immediate: 700 locals evacuated, exclusion zone created,
- Long term: River banks were rebuilt higher than before by the government
24
Q
What were the social impacts?
Eyjafjallajokull case study
A
- 700 people evacuated due to flood water
- The ash contaminated drinking water supplies
- Cancelled flights left many stranded
- Ash may have caused choking and respiratory illness
- Homes destroyed
- Crops destroyed
- Water supplies contaminated
- 5000 workers in Kenya laid off
25
What were the environmental impacts?
| Eyjafjallajokull case study
* The ash made Icelandic soil very fertile, farmers could produce rapeseed oil and grapes here
* Less aircraft noise, and 2.8 million tonnes less CO2 (due to grounded flights)
* Fluoride deposits on grazing land poisoned cattle
Surrounding rivers silted with ash
26
What were the economic impacts?
| Eyjafjallajokull case study
* The ash plume caused problems for air travel for a week - 100,000 flights were cancelled
* Europe lost 2.6 billion USD of GDP
* Kenya lost millions from not exporting flowers etc
* Car manufacturers suspended production at some factories - difficulties accessing parts
26
27
What were the characterisitcs of the tsunami?
| Indian ocean tsunami 2004
* Earthquake of magnitude 9.1
* Seabed rose by 15m for over 1500km - 30m wave caused
* On a destructive plate boundary - Indo-Australian plate subducted under the Burma plate
28
What was the prediciton and planning like?
| Indian ocean tsunami 2004
* No tsunami warning system
* In many places, mangroves had been removed for economic reasons or tourism
29
What were the responses?
| Indian ocean tsunami 2004
* $14 billion USD provided in aid
* US provided aircrafts for search and rescue, surveying and transport of aid cargo
* Corruption hampered aid efforts
* A tsunami warning system was implemented
30
What were the economic impacts?
| Indian ocean tsunami 2004
* Many communities dependent on the fishing industry
* Infrastructure damaged - e.g. freshwater supplies
* Saltwater made the land infertile, and farmers counldn’t irrigate
31
Were the impacts global?
| Indian ocean tsunami 2004
Yes - 12 countries were affected, and the Earth’s orbit was altered (days are now 2.68 microseconds shorter)
32
What were the social impacts?
| Indian ocean tsunami 2004
* Death toll: 228,000
* High population and tropical climate, so disease spread fast
* Drawback effect meant many people went to the exposed beaches - many drowned
33
What were the environmental impacts?
| Indian ocean tsunami 2004
* Coastal ecosystems e.g. mangroves destroyed
* Ecosystems polluted by human and chemical waste in the flood water
* Some small islands destroyed completely
34
What were the root causes?
| 2011 Tohoku Japan
* High populations in high risk areas
* Nuclear power plant on the coast
* Expensive infrastructure
35
What were the dynamic processes?
| 2011 Tohoku Japan
* Tsunami wall wasn’t high enough
* Rural areas isolated for a while - destruction of transport routes
* Authorities considered economic benefits over safety factors
* Government didn’t deal with power plant crisis
36
What were the unsafe conditions?
| 2011 Tohoku Japan
* Many people didn’t listen to the tsunami warnings - to head for higher ground
* Seven reactors at the Fukishima nuclear power station had meltdown
37
What were the natural hazards, and what did this cause?
| 2011 Tohoku Japan
* 9.0 magnitude
* 30km deep hypocentre
* 3 minutes long
* 380km from Tokyo
* 130km by 159km rupture zone -pacific plate subduction zone
* Waves up to 40m
* 15,854 dead, 3617 missing, 26,992 injured
* 125,000 buildings ruined
* Blackouts for 4.4 mil buildings, 15mil buildings without water for 2 days
38
What were the human impacts?
| 2011 Tohoku Japan
* Over 16,000 died, and many were injured
* 450,000 people made homeless
* No returning to the area surrounding the plant for over 4 years
* 4.4 million households without electricity
* Rural areas isolated because of destroyed transport links
39
What were the economic impacts?
| 2011 Tohoku Japan
* Cost $235 billion USD
* 332,395 buildings, 2126 roads, 56 bridges, and 26 railways destroyed or damaged
* Oil refinery set on fire, nuclear power stations shut down - caused loss of power
40
What were the global impacts?
| 2011 Tohoku Japan
* Nuclear energy supplied 30% of energy in Japan
* LNG cargos diverted to Japan to fill gap
* Led to higher demand for LNG, so prices rose in other countries
| Liquefied natural gas
41
How did Japan prevent and prepare for disaster?
| Tohoku 2011 earthquake
* Prevention:
-Earthquake proof buildings
-Sea defences wall
-Evacuation plans and warning system
-Education for communities
* Preparedness:
-Had prediction systems, so there was time to prepare
-Evacuations
42
43
How did Japan respond to and recover from disaster?
| Tohoku 2011 earthquake
* Respond:
-Search and rescue teams
Evacuated at risk areas for long periods of time
* Recover
-Rebuilt sea walls higher
44
What were the root causes?
| Haiti 2010 earthquake
* Haiti was forced to pay reperations to France in returnfor diplomatic recognition
-Had to borrow money to do this
* 80% live below the poverty line
## Footnote
Slaves in Haiti rebelled and defeated the French army (was their most valuable colony)
45
What were the dynamic processes?
| Haiti 2010 earthquake
* Little to no urban planning in port-au-prince to control settlement development
* Shortage of housing
* Housing is poor quality
* Agriculture policy fueled deforestation and soil degredation (from overfarming sugar plantations)
* -Government lacked resources and will to change this
* Too poor to buy kerosene as bottle gas, so charcoal is used as fuel
46
What were the unsafe conditions?
| Haiti 2010 earthquake
* Uncontrolled illegal housing development in vulnerable areas - hillsides and floodplains
* Low GDP per capita - cheap materials and quick methods to build
* Roads are in poor condition - limited access, increase vehicle operating cost
* Limited access to water + sanitation
47
What were the natural hazards, and what did this lead to?
| Haiti 2010 earthquake
* 7.0 magnitude earhquake
* 316,000 killed
* 9 million affected
* Hundreds of thousands displaced
* Cholera epidemic
48
What did Haiti do to prepare/prevent disaster, and how did they respond/recover?
| Haiti 2010 earthquake
* Minimal ways to prevent
* Minimal ways to prepare
* Countries and NGO’s sent aid
* Minimal government response - bad state of the government
49
Who were the key players involved?
| Greenwich case study
* Countryside properties
* Local residents
* TFL
* Central government
* Biodiversity by design - made sure the whole process was centred around the ecological aspect
* Ralph Erskine - Architect known for sustainable design
* Taylor Woodrow - engineering skills
* Homes and communities agency - invested £11 million to enhance the Thames foreshore
50
What is the evidence of success?
| Greenwich case study
The area has been transformed form a place that was unusable to somewher where many people live and work and go to for entertainment, also increased biodiversity
-In 2008, number of homes occupied was 1095, with more homes being built continuosly
51
What is the history of the area?
| Greenwich case study
* Industry arrived in the 1860’s due to good river access for importing and exporting goods
-Shipyards
-Factories for rope, chemicals, soap and ammunition
* In 1889 Europe’s largest gas works were opened - closed down in 1965 as North sea gas was discovered
52
Why was there a need for regeneration?
| Greenwich case study
* Industries were closed down, and the land became derelict
-A toxic wasteland due to soil becoming contaminated with heavy metals
* Greenwich peninsula has an issue with drainage and flooding, so the area remained undeveloped untol industrialism
53
What regeneration schemes were there to do with culture and retail?
| Greenwich case study
* The millenium dome (O2), with many shops, restaurants, and a large arena where concerts take place
-Attracts internal and international visitors, for the share of culture
* Nearby university
54
What was the aim of the regeneration?
| Greenwich case study
* 300 acres of land were bough in 1997 by English partnerships with aim of:
-Enhancing the transport network
-Developing more homes, parkland, commercial space, and community facilities
* Ready for the millenium dome, constructed with new roads, cycle paths, and river walks
55
What was done to ensure the development was sustainable?
| Greenwich case study
* Ecological monitoring of the site
* Advice given, and data gathered from the environment agency
* BREEAM rating scheme - assessment method to show how improved environmental performance cen be achieved through good design (environmental performance is shown on a scale from pass to excellent)
-Millenuim village first privatedevelopment in the UK to recieve excellent
56
How is the millenium village so sustainable?
| Greenwich case study
* Excellent links to public transport (buses, cable cars, london underground), and is a walkable/cyclable area
-Schools, entertainment, healthcare etc nearby
* There is lots of open green space, and many lakes and ponds - to bring back wildlife that previously lived in these marshlands
57
Describe Newcastles industrial decline
* The city’s last coal pit closed in 1956
* This was followed by the slow demise of the shipyards on the bank of the river Tyne in the 70s, 80s and 90s.
58
Describe Newcastles industrial history
* Riverside areas of Newcastle upon Tyne were responsible for the city’s growth and wealth during the industrial revolution.
* Industries such as the Armstrong armaments works and ship building employed tens of thousands from riverside communities
59
Why did Newcastle’s industries experience decline?
Overseas competition in the 60s, 70s and 80s led to the decline and closure of these industries
60
What was the impact of Newcastle’s declining industries?
* Manufacturing employment fell nationally by nearly 20% in the 60s and collapsed by 35% in the 70s- more than 1.6 million jobs lost altogether
* During the last two years of the 70s, almost 1500 jobs were lost from the eleven biggest local employers.
* This led to population losses in many industrial parts of Newcastle, whilst surround suburbs and satellite towns (e.g Whitley Bay and Carmlington New Town) gained in population
61
What type of regeneration did Newcastle undergo?
Property led regeneration
62
Who regenerated Newcastle?
* The TWDC
* An urban development corporation (UDC) set up by the UK government
| TWDC = Tyne and Wear Development Corporation
63
What were the TWDCs aims in Newcastle?
1. Create new business districts, modern offices and industrial estates
2. Increasing employment through grants and training
3. Reviving riversides as a place to live
4. Improving environment and landscaping
64
What funding did Newcastle’s regeneration have?
* £430 million of government money
* This attracted £1,114 million of private sector money
* The government money went into funding improvements to infrastructures and public realm of areas, this then encouraged private firms to join in.
65
What were the TWDC’s flagship projects in Newcastle?
* Newcastle Business Park- £140 million development of offices on previous derelict land
* Copthorne hotel- £30 million
* Newcastle Arena- £2 million to transform 10 major historic buildings along the quayside
66
Who were the key players in Newcastle’s regeneration?
* TWDC- sustainable property developers: don’t sell to investors, focus on community
* Newcastle City Council- conservation of River Tyne
* Discovery Museum- representing Newcastle history
* Residents
* Historic England- protects historic buildings including shipyards
* Microbreweries and pubs
* High Street Group
67
Evidence of success in Newcastle’s regeneration?
* TWDC has transformed the Newcastle Quayside
* Activity across different areas covered- training, employment, social housing, environmental improvements, arts and cultural activites, and recreation and leisure facilities
* Helped to put 2000 local people into jobs in the Royal Quays Employment Office
* 25% of housing built was low-cost
68
Evidence of failure in Newcastle’s regeneration?
* TWDC has been less successful at regenerating housing estates
* Many local communities had to be relocated to make way for the developments
* TWDC’s focus on service sector, managerial posts and predominantly expensive housing has been criticised
69
What strategies were used to make cornwall attractive?
* Focus on tourism as the main solution to decline (destination)
-Extreme sports academy - watergate bay
-Jamie Oliver’s 15 restaurants
-Southwest film studies
-Arts and culture
-Combined universities
-Beaches and coast walks
-Surfing
70
Why was rebranding needed in Cornwall?
* Has poor transport links to the core
* Economy is not diverse
* Braindrain
* Boost investment and national presence
* Attract visitors during all seasons for more secure employment oppurtunities`
71
How has the EU helped Cornwall?
* It’s objective one developments reduce socio-economic disparities between EU areas by kickstarting investment in local economies
* Has supported 580 projects in Cornwall - total investment of £230 million
72
What were the problems with the eden project?
* Visitors produced huge traffic congestion as most arrive by road - local air quality decreased
* Increased littering
73
What are the key points for the eden project case study?
* Opened in 2001
* Built in a former clay quarry
* Has a rainforest biome and a temperate mediterranean ecosystem
74
How has the eden project improved the local area?
* Attracted 6 million people in the first 4 years
* Visitors on average spend £150 in each in the area
* Demand for holiday cottages has increased since opening
* Employs 400 locals, and 200 seasonal staff - 75% were prviously unemployed, and 40% are over 50
* Food is courced locally
* Helped attract private investment
75
What regeneration strategies were used in Bronte country?
* Refronting shops in a victorian style to restore traditional character
* Running events to attract visitors
* introducing a bronte bus route
* repairing natural stone paving and footpaths
* hosting haworth artisinal market
* establishing independent local shops
76
Why does bronte country attract tourists?
* 11.8million visitors in 2018
* Haworth village was where the bronte sisters were born
* visiting bronte parsonage museum (their former house)
* visiting bronte waterfall
77
Why does kielder attract visitors?
* attracts 350,000 annually
* activities include, walking, fishing, birdwatching, stargazing, archery, mini golf
* special wildlife (red squirells and ospreys)
* observatory for dark skies to attract space tourism
78
What attractions have been added to enocourage further toruism in kielder?
* Wild at kielder festival for wildlife
* kielderfest for cycling
* 17 new lodges opened to increase the capacity for overnight visitors
* a gym has been built
79
Why was the kielder partnership created?
* to manage the area and
-ensure sustainable development of the forest
-develop leisure activities
-engage the public in the natural environment
80
Why and when did transition town totnes start?
* Began in 2006
* Reducing dependency on fossil fuels and TNC’s
* To reduce the impact of climate change and become more ethically aware
* Economic growth is dependent on energy use
81
What are some schemes a transition town can use?
* Localised food production - e.g. using unused land/gardens
* Encourage walking and cycling
* Develop alternative energy - e.g. in Totnes, they are saving to buy a wind turbine
* Local currency - to keep money in the local economy
* Skills sharing
* Involving everyone - e.g. school groups
82
What are the environmental impacts of sea level rise?
| Kiribati case study - the most at risk island to sea level rise
* 200m of marine transgression (land has dissapeared on one of the islands)
* Pollution, waste disposal and poor sanitation (lots of waste is brought by tides)
* King tides (extreme high tides) used to be non-existent
83
# ```
What are the social impacts of sea level rise?
| Kiribati case study - the most at risk island to sea level rise
* People are losing their homes and farmland
* Strain on water infrastructure
* Many have had to relocate - mass migration causes overcrowding and other problems
* Loss of tradition, culture and a connection with homeland
84
What is Kiribati doing to manage this?
| Kiribati case study - the most at risk island to sea level rise
* Building concrete and stone sea walls
* Planting mangroves (affordable and effective)
* Reduced tuna fishing to cut carbon emissions
* Migration with dignity - people sent for job training in Australia
85
How much have sea levels risen by?
| Kiribati case study - the most at risk island to sea level rise
* By 2050, the islands will see an additional 6-12 inches of water
* Since 1993, sea levels have risen at an average of 3.2mm per year
86
What are the economic impacts of sea level rise?
| Kiribati case study - the most at risk island to sea level rise
Reduced tuna fishing, so money is no longer made from this
87
What type of mass movement occurred?
| Holbeck hall case study
* Slumping, as there was rotational movement and the cliff was saturated
* This led to a mud/debris flow
| In Holderness in North Yorkshire, under a large cliff
88
What are general trends in water insecurity?
* Extreme stress: Middle east, North Africa
* High stress: Southern africa, australia, india, spain (others close to tropics)
* Medium stress: southern europe, eastern asia, usa/mexico
89
How has el nino affected papua new guinea?
| 1997 case study
* Caused the worst drought for 50 years
-usuall rainfall is 3000-4000mm per year (some areas had no rain in 1997)
* Caused flashfires - affected forest resources and crops
* Socio-economic impacts:
-Low water levels in fly river
-disrupted copper exports
-major famine (80000 people)
-food aid was necessary
90
How has el nino affected eastern africa?
| 1997 kenya case study
* Flooding of the Tana river valley (in the dry season)
* Impacts
-70000 fled
-crops destroyed
-30% cattle lost
-Malaria endemic
-Food ran out
-International aid was needed
91
What were the physical causes of the water surplus?
| River severn floods feb 2020 case study
* Heavy rainfall
-Wettest feb on record in the uk, (3 storms hit in quick succession)
-High input into the system - increase in river discharge
* Antecedent conditions
-Ground was saturated from a wet autumn and winter
-there was 0 infiltration capacity, leading to surface runoff
* Relief and geology
-steep upland slopes and impermeable geology
92
What were the human causes exacerbating the water surplus?
| River severn floods feb 2020 case study
* Urbanisation
-Expansion of towns onto floodplains e.g. gloucester and shrewsbury
* Development on floodplains
-Building on low lying areas e.g. tewkesbury
* Land-use change
-drainage of agricultural land and some upstream deforestation/grazing
* Flood defences
-saved many areas e.g. in shrewsbury, but the use of temporary barriers was sometimes overwhelmed by the volume of water, and prolonged pressure
93
What were the consequences and impacts of the water surplus?
| River severn floods feb 2020 case study
* Social
-Evacuations necessary
-Homes flooded
-Infrastructure disruption (roads closed for weeks/days)
* Economic
-Damage to world heritage site infrastructure at ironbridge
-Impact on agriculture as farmland was flooded for a long time
-Disruption to local businesses and toruism
* Environmental
-Soil erosion
-Pollution as floodwaters mixed with sewage
–Water table recharge
94
What is an example of how deforestation has affected the drainage basin cycle?
* In 2004, Brazil cleared 2.7million hectares of forest
* By 2050 annual rainfall in the amazon will decrease by 8%
95
What are the human causes of coastal recession around the nile delta?
* The ASH can trap sediment behind the dam wall (this starves the coast of a sediment source)
* High population density of 39mil (45% of Egypts population)
-Alexandria the largest city on the Delta has 4.5mil
* Area of intense farming, tourism&resorts, ports and infrastsurcture
-Urbanisation can disrupt natural processes
| ASH = aswan high dam
96
How has the ASH increased coastal recession?
| ASH = aswan high dam
* The construction of the ASH in 1964 reduced the sediment volume from about 130mil tons to 15mil tons
* Erosion rates increased from about 20m to 200m per yeardue to lack of sediment
| It is 1100km away from the nile delta (where the nile meets the sea)
97
Was was the cost effectiveness of the coastal reallignment in essex 2002?
| Soft managment
* cost £645,000
* Largest coastal reallignment in essex
* Soil quality and land value were low, so it was not worth maintaining the embankments, or building them higher
98
How was the NSSS in 2013 prepared for/managed?
| NSSS = north sea storm surge
* Netherlands:
-Delta works constructed (4.2b euros spent after bad storm surge in 1953)
* UK
-Flood defences that needed updating
-Properties were protected by the Environment agency’s flood defences
99
Which country has the stronger military US/China?
* US spends the most money on its military ($778bil), and largest portion of it’s GDP
-China is increasing military spending
* USA employs over 2 million people
100
How much power did the British empire have?
* Made up of 23% of world population, and 24% of total land area
* Had colonies on all continents throughout its time
* Controlled 30% of Africa
101
What are examples of the USAs hard power?
| Economic
* GDP per capita is x4 of China (total is similar)
* Largest trading partner for many countries
* Provides the most financial assisstance to other countries
* 80% of all global financial transactions, and 87% of foreign currency market deals are in the US
102
What are the strengths of China as an emerging power?
* Economic
-Highly educated, technically innovative population
-Nearly worlds largest economy
-Leads in fields e.g. renewable energy
-Modern infrastructure for transport e.g. high speed rail
* Military
-Technology and reach is growing, challenging the US
103
What are the weaknesses of China as an emerging power?
* Demographic
-Ageing population
* Environmental
-Pollution issues (air and water)
* Political
-Tense relationships with neighbours
-Limited geopolitical role
* Economic
-Raising wages raising costs for TNCs
-Relies on imported raw materials
104
What is the aim of the one belt one road initiative?
* If a country’s trade routes & infrastructure are better with China - more likely to import and export goods
* Chinese businesses often earn money from the projects
* China invests money into infrastructure projects - interest is paid on the loans
