What effect does Acetyl-CoA have on Pyruvate carboxylase?
A positive effect.
What effect does Acetyl-CoA have on Pyruvate decarboxylase?
A negative effect.
Give step one of gluconeogenesis.
Pyruvate (2) turns into Oxaloacetate (2) by pyruvate carboxylase. Consuming 2 ATP.
Give step two of gluconeogenesis.
Oxaloacetate (2) is converted to Phosphoenolpyruvate (2) by PEP carboxykinase. Two GTP are consumed.
Give the third step of gluconeogenesis.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (2) is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate (2) by enolase.
Give the fourth step of gluconeogenesis.
2-phosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase.
Give the fifth step of gluconeogenesis
3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase.
Give the sixth step of gluconeogenesis.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2) is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
How many bypasses are in Gluconeogenesis?
Three
If Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis ran at the same time this would be called?
A futile cycle
Define Km
Km is half the amount of substrate required to get the maximum activity.
The lower the Km the better the enzymatic binding
Citrate allosterically regulates PFK-1. Give the role of Citrate in the cell.
Citrate serves as an intracellular signal that the cell is meeting its current needs for energy-yielding metabolism by the oxidation of fats and proteins
What catalyzes the formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate?
Phosphofructokinase 2
What catalyzes the breakdown of fructose 2,6 phosphate
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)
What is gluconeogenesis?
A pathway that converts pyruvate and related three- and four-carbon compounds to glucose.
Where does gluconeogenesis mainly occur in mammals?
In the Liver
Give the first Bypass in gluconeogenesis.
The first bypass is the conversion of Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate.
Pyruvate + HCO3- + ATP ⟶ oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi
Pyruvate Carboxylase is the enzyme catalyzing the conversion from Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate.
Which glucogenic amino acids can enter the TCA cycle by pyruvate as the site of entry?
- Alanine
- Cysteine
- Glycine
- Serine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan.
Which glucogenic amino acids can enter the TCA cycle by a-ketoglutarate as the site of entry?
- Arginine
- Glutamine
- Glutamate
- Histidine
- Proline.
Which glucogenic amino acids can enter the TCA cycle by Succinyl-CoA as the site of entry?
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Threonine
- Valine
Which glucogenic amino acids can enter the TCA cycle by Fumarate as the site of entry?
- Phenylalanine
- Tyrosine
Which glucogenic amino acids can enter the TCA cycle by a-ketoglutarate as the site of entry?
- Asparagine
- Aspartate
Give the second bypass in Gluconeogenesis
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O ⟶ fructose 6-phosphate + Pi
The enzyme used is fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1)
Give the third bypass in Gluconeogenesis
glucose 6-phosphate + H2O ⟶ glucose + Pi
Glucose phosphatase catalyzes the reaction
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Glycolysis48
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Pentose Phosphate Pathway14
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Citric Acid Cycle33
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Gluconeogenesis24
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Glyoxylate cycle7
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Enzyme4
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Nitrogen Fixation24
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Amino Acids52
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Nitrogen Excretion9
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Fatty Acids54
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Glycogenesis9
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Pyrimidine Synthesis5
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Urea Cycle5
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Vitamins26
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FA Oxidation15
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Gene Regulation6
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Fatty Acid Synthesis Exam5
