1
Q
referal of bills to parl. committes
A
declined from 33%(16th LS) to 17%(17th LS): PRS
2
Q
granvile austin
A
holding together federation
3
Q
tribals
A
panchaseel
4
Q
delay in justice
A
violative of right to dignified life
5
Q
during the inaugration of replica of lion pillar capital at new parliament building pm held
A
civil servants are like fourth pillars ie anonymous yet indispensible part of adminitration
6
Q
hota committte
A
use of ICT in public administration
7
Q
yuganda committee
A
mid career training - ensure relevance of civil servants in evolving challenges
8
Q
2nd ARC
A
setting up of national institute for public administration degree courses
9
Q
civil service
A
rule based bureacracy to goal based bureacracy
10
Q
social sector spending; ES
A
decresed8.2% to 7.8
11
Q
denied recognition of same sex marriages by sc
A
supriya judgement
12
Q
human rights on sexual orientation and gender identity
A
yodarta principle/document- pro lgbtq policies
13
Q
engaging with central asia policy
A
connect central aia policy 2012
14
Q
article 21
A
golden trinity of indian constitution 14,19,21
15
Q
DK BASU guidelines
A
to avoid custodial torture and inmates death
16
Q
hussainaaru khatoon case
A
delay in justice violates right to life and personla libety
17
Q
drug abuse
A
perfect example of andhis seven sin ie pleasure without conscience- physical and mental health affects- erodes social capital
18
Q
ict or tech
A
industrial revolution 4.0
19
Q
jaisankars ;the india way
A
india is a strongest pole of softpower diplomacy in the world
20
Q
jaisankar india- bangladesh ties
A
as fraternal ties based on historical and cultual relationship
21
Q
borrowed provisions
A
sui generis
22
Q
microcredit
A
formalisation of rural economy
aid income diversification by ashok dalwai committee
23
Q
issues
Cultural Linkage
A
- Soft power diplomacy through Buddhism, Yoga, Ayurveda, and Bollywood (e.g., International Day of Yoga recognized by UN on India’s proposal).
Buddhist circuit diplomacy with SE Asian countries like Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Nalanda University revival).
**ICCR (Indian Council for Cultural Relations) **– promotes Indian art & language globally.
Ramayana Circuit (India–Nepal–Sri Lanka) and Mausam Project revive maritime cultural ties.
Example: Indian diaspora festivals like Pravasi Bharatiya Divas engage 30M+ diaspora in 100+ countries.
24
Q
- Trade Linkages
A
India-UAE CEPA (2022) – First full trade agreement with Gulf country; boost in pharma, gems, textiles.
India–ASEAN FTA – Key for East Asia trade and Look East policy.
India–EU FTA (ongoing) – High-tech, sustainability, and automobile sectors.
India–USA Trade Policy Forum – Focus on IT, defense, semiconductors.
India–Africa Forum Summit – Convergence on agri-tech, health, and minerals.
India–Australia ECTA – Boost to education, wine, and textiles.
INSTC (International North South Transport Corridor) – Trade connectivity with Iran, Russia, Central Asia.
IMEC (India–Middle East–Europe Corridor) – Alternative to BRI; announced at G20–2023.
25
Technology Linkages
India–USA Initiative on Critical & Emerging Technologies (iCET) – AI, quantum, 6G, semiconductors.
India–France Space Cooperation (ISRO–CNES) – Oceansat, climate tech, space missions.
India–Japan Digital Partnership – Robotics, AI, and Smart Cities.
India–Israel Agri-tech & Water Management – Centres of Excellence in 25+ Indian states.
Quad Tech Dialogue – Focus on AI governance, telecom, and biotech.
India–EU digital partnership – Cybersecurity, 5G standards.
India–UK Tech Partnership – FinTech, innovation hubs (Bangalore–London corridor).
Global Biofuel Alliance – India as a lead member (G20–2023); promotes sustainable bioenergy technology.
26
Security Linkages
India–USA COMCASA, BECA, LEMOA – Enhanced interoperability and real-time intelligence.
India–France Strategic Dialogue – Rafale jets, Indo-Pacific cooperation.
Malabar Naval Exercise (QUAD) – With USA, Japan, Australia for Indo-Pacific security.
India–Russia Defense Ties – S-400, BrahMos missiles, AK-203 rifles.
India–Israel Homeland Security Cooperation – Border surveillance, drone tech.
India–UK Maritime Partnership – Joint patrolling and anti-piracy operations.
India–ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus – Capacity building in counter-terrorism.
UN Peacekeeping – India is among the top troop-contributing countries.
27
Geopolitical Linkages
QUAD Alliance – Rules-based Indo-Pacific, maritime security.
BRICS – South-South cooperation, New Development Bank.
SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) – Regional stability, anti-terrorism.
India–Africa Partnership – Energy security, food security, and global South solidarity.
India–Iran–Afghanistan – Chabahar port to counter Gwadar/China.
India–Bangladesh–Nepal–Bhutan (BBIN) – Subregional connectivity.
India–Central Asia Summit – Extended neighborhood diplomacy.
G20 Presidency (2023) – “One Earth, One Family, One Future” – Global South voice.
28
Climate/Environmental Linkages
ISA (International Solar Alliance) – 100+ members; India-led initiative for solar cooperation.
LiFE Mission (Lifestyle for Environment) – Endorsed in G20 Summit (2023).
India–Norway Ocean Dialogue – Blue economy.
India–Sweden Leadership Group for Industry Transition – Low-carbon tech.
India–Brazil–South Africa (IBSA) – Shared stance on climate justice.
India–France Environmental Pact – Paris Agreement promoters.
Green Grids Initiative – One Sun, One World, One Grid – Transnational solar power grid.
India–US Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership.
29
Ethical Linkages
Gandhian philosophy of non-violence influences global leaders (e.g., Mandela, MLK Jr).
India’s Vaccine Maitri during COVID—example of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”.
Pancha Sheel Principles (1954) – Basis of India–China early diplomacy.
India’s humanitarian assistance in Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Afghanistan — led by morality in foreign policy.
India’s stand on Russia–Ukraine War – Balancing strategic autonomy with ethical neutrality.
South–South Cooperation – Promotes global justice and equity.
India’s stand on Palestine – Ethical consistency amid strategic partnerships.
Evacuation Missions (e.g., Operation Ganga, Kaveri) – Upholding human dignity and duty of care
30
Major Issues with Other Countries (Governance View)
Border Disputes (India–China) – Ongoing LAC friction post Galwan clash (2020).
Trade Barriers (India–USA) – Tariff retaliation and WTO disputes.
Water Sharing Issues (India–Pakistan) – Indus Waters Treaty tensions.
Illegal Migration (India–Bangladesh, Myanmar) – Rohingya crisis, NRC fallout.
FTA Negotiation Deadlocks (India–EU) – On data protection, carbon tax.
Terrorism & State Sponsorship (India–Pakistan) – Cross-border terrorism and FATF grey-listing.
NSG Membership Block (India–China) – China's opposition despite India's non-proliferation record.
Energy Security Vulnerability (India–Iran) – CAATSA-related sanctions on oil trade.
31
What is the Panchsheel Doctrine?
The Panchsheel Doctrine, established in 1954, is based on the India–China Agreement and includes five principles of peaceful coexistence:
**mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity,
non-aggression,
non-interference,
equality and mutual benefit, and
peaceful coexistence**.
## Footnote
It serves as the foundation of India's ethical foreign policy and the basis for NAM and South–South cooperation.
32
What is the core idea of the Non-Alignment Doctrine (NAM)?
The Non-Alignment Doctrine aims to maintain strategic autonomy by avoiding alignment with military blocs such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
## Footnote
It promotes global peace and the sovereignty of newly decolonized states, exemplified by India's leadership in NAM conferences like Belgrade 1961 and Lusaka 1970.
33
What are the key principles of the Gujral Doctrine?
The Gujral Doctrine, formulated in 1996-97, emphasizes
**unilateral goodwill towards smaller South Asian neighbors,
no reciprocity demanded, and
non-interference in internal affairs**.
## Footnote
It improved ties with countries like Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh through initiatives such as water sharing.
34
What is the objective of the Look East Policy?
The Look East Policy, initiated in 1991 and evolved into the Act East Policy in 2014, aims to integrate India’s northeast and economy with ASEAN and East Asia while strengthening strategic and economic linkages with countries like Japan and Vietnam.
## Footnote
Features include connectivity projects like the Kaladan project and defense ties such as the Malabar Exercise.
35
What is the Doctrine of Strategic Autonomy?
The Doctrine of Strategic Autonomy focuses on maintaining an independent foreign policy without permanent alliances.
## Footnote
Examples include balanced ties with the USA through QUAD and Russia via the S-400 deal, alongside a neutral stance in the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
36
What is the objective of the Neighbourhood First Policy?
The Neighbourhood First Policy prioritizes political stability, connectivity, and cooperation with SAARC/BBIN nations.
## Footnote
Tools include development assistance and crisis response, with examples like India–Maldives hybrid infrastructure projects and India–Bangladesh power trade.
37
What are the goals of the SAGAR Doctrine?
The SAGAR Doctrine, established in 2015, aims to ensure maritime security, economic cooperation, and capacity building in the Indian Ocean Region.
## Footnote
Implementation includes Mission SAGAR and the India–Mauritius Coastal Surveillance System, strategically countering China's influence.
38
What is the vision of the Indo-Pacific Doctrine?
The Indo-Pacific Doctrine, articulated by PM Modi in 2018, envisions a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific.
## Footnote
It emphasizes alliances like QUAD and the centrality of ASEAN to counterbalance China's expansionist policies.
39
What is the key feature of the Multi-Alignment Doctrine?
The Multi-Alignment Doctrine involves strategic engagement with diverse powers for issue-based alliances.
## Footnote
Examples include close ties with the USA and Russia, as well as participation in BRICS, SCO, I2U2, and G20, ensuring strategic flexibility in a multipolar world.
40
What does Vishwa Bandhutva / Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam mean?
Vishwa Bandhutva, or Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, translates to 'World is one family.'
## Footnote
It is reflected in initiatives like Vaccine Maitri and humanitarian assistance during crises, central to India’s G20 Presidency theme in 2023.
41
What is the conclusion regarding India's foreign policy doctrines?
India's evolving foreign policy doctrines reflect a journey from idealistic non-alignment to pragmatic multi-alignment, balancing ethics, sovereignty, and strategic interests.
## Footnote
This aligns with the vision of 'India as a Vishwaguru with Strategic Autonomy.'
42
constitutional amendement
Article 368 empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution, balancing continuity with change while preserving
its core ideals makes it as a living constitution
1. Introduction of Amendment Bill
¾ In either House of Parliament
¾By a minister or private member
¾No President’s prior permission needed
2. Passage in Parliament
¾Passed in each House separately
¾Special majority:
● Majority of total membership
● Two-thirds of members present & voting
¾No joint sitting allowed if disagreement
3. Ratification by States (if required)
¾Applicable only for amendments affecting federal provisions
¾Requires approval by 50% of state legislatures
¾Simple majority in each state suffices
4. Presidential Assent
¾President must give assent
¾Cannot return or withhold the bill
Types of Amendments in Indian
Constitution
1. Amendment by Simple Majority
Admission of New States
Formation of New States
Abolition of Legislative Councils
2.Amendment by Special Majority
Fundamental Rights
Directive Principles of State Policy
3.Amendment by Special Majority and State Consent
Election of President
Extent of Executive Power
Provisions Related to Courts
43
preamble
Drafted by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon, it
establishes the "We the People" source of authority and defines India's character along with the Constitution's objectives- Guiding Light for Interpretation
44
FR
****part 3-They act as limitations on the power of
the government, ensuring that the government cannot arbitrarily deny these rights to individuals
1.6 types of FR
2.RTI- raj narayan case under art19(1- 1976
3.a-21-advocates that no person can be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law
=== **Expanding Scope of Article 21 in a Living Document (**UPSC 2023)
Constitution of India: A Living Instrument of Dynamism
Flexible Amendment: 101st Amendment introduced GST adapting to economic needs�
Preamble Update: 42nd Amendment (1976) added Secular and Socialist values�
Fundamental Rights Expansion: Maneka Gandhi case (1978) broadened Article 21�
Judicial Review: Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) upheld basic structure doctrine�
Emergency Safeguards: 44th Amendment (1978) strengthened protection against misuse�
**Adaptability to a Progressive Society**
Right to Privacy: Recognized in K�S� Puttaswamy case (2017)�
Right to Education: Article 21A added by 86th Amendment (2002)�
Decriminalization of Homosexuality: Navtej Johar case (2018)�
Gender Justice: Vishaka Guidelines (1997) against workplace harassment�
** Expanding Right to Life and Personal Liberty**
Right to Clean Environment: M�C� Mehta case (1988)�
Right to Information: RTI Act (2005) enhanced transparency�
Right to Die with Dignity: Aruna Shanbaug case (2011) allowed passive euthanasia�
Right to Internet: Recognized in Anuradha Bhasin case (2019)�
45
5th schedule areas
Part X of the Indian Constitution, specifically Article 244, outlines a special administrative system for designated regions
known as "scheduled areas" and "tribal areas�
1. President has the authority to designate specific areas as "Scheduled Areas
2. Shared Governance: governor accountable to president
3. Tribal Advisory Council: Up to 20 members with atleast ¾ (minimum 15 members) must be from Scheduled Tribes in the state Legislative Assembly-advises the Governor on matters related to the welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes
4. Governor can modify or exclude the application of specific laws within schedule area
5. The Governor, TAC consultation, regulations for maintaining peace and good governance
6. Appointment of commission after 10 year a-399
46
6th schedule
special provisions for the administration of tribal areas in the four north-eastern states of
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram (All four border Bangladesh)�
1. Governor's Authority: The Governor holds the power to Define and modify the boundaries of autonomous districts
2. Autonomous districts:30 members (elected members for 5 year term through adult suffrage)
3. Councils can make laws on specific matters like land management, social customs, and village
administration�
4. Councils can establish courts to handle tribal disputes within their jurisdiction,
5. Councils can undertake activities like building schools, healthcare facilities, and
infrastructure within their districts�
6.Financial Autonomy: Councils have the power to collect taxes�
47
federal reln
1. Dual Government System:
2. Division of Powers: Seventh Schedule
3.Written constitution: (A-368 (2))�
4.Independent Judiciary:
5.Bicameralism: Rajya Sabha represents states
6.Inter-State Relations Mechanisms: Inter-State Council under Article 263
48
SoP
Constitutional Provisions
Article 50: distinct separation between the judiciary and the executive�
Part V and Part VI: roles and responsibilities of the
Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary at the Union (federal) and State levels, respectively�
Article 121 and Article 211: No discussion on the conduct of Supreme Court
and High Courts judges in discharge of their duties in Parliament or State
legislatures�
Articles 122 and 212: These prevent courts from questioning parliamentary and legislative proceedings, effectively separating the judicial and legislative
domains�
Office of Profit: This limits overlap between legislature and executive� In parliamentary system where such overlap is inevitable list of exempted office of profit exists�
91st Amendment: Introduced A-75 (1A) A-164(1A) limiting council of minister size to 15 percent of house strength� Rationale is to contain
inevitable overlap between legislature and executive with in a reasonable limit�
Article 98 and 146: Under A - 98 Parliament has its own secretariat and recruits its officers and decides their terms and conditions of work independent of the executive� Similarly under A-146 CJI has power over appointments, terms of service etc� of the officers of the court unless parliament makes a law and rules regarding service except for salary etc� are decided by CJI�
49
Collegium system
lucanae
1. autocratic -not a contitutional body @permanent independent body
2.opaqueness@more transparent system
3.uncle judege syndrome- law commision@objective eligibility criterion and greater
collaboration E, J
4.violates A-74-president binding to executive@collaborative process
5.merit vs seniority@merit alongside seniority
6.appoinment failure- vacancies
7.judicial overreach- executive no say
1st judge case1901 -executive primacy in appointments
2nd judge case 1993- established collegium
3rd judge case 1998- expanded collegium
4th judge case - struck down NJAC
Muglaonkar Principles- on judicial restraint
50
local self govt
important provision of 73rd
1. constitutional status of PRI
2. 3 tier system-village,block,district
3. reated gram sabha
4. 5 year term
5. election by stae EC
6. added 11th schdl
7. state finance commision
8. 1/3 rd reservation for women,SC,ST
Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 initiative -integrating grassroots women leaders, By exposing them
to parliamentary processes
The Economic Survey 2017-18 highlighted the “low equilibrium trap”
51
CAG
1.Article 148 of the Indian Constitution, plays a crucial role
in ensuring transparency and accountability in government finances
2.Acts as a guide, friend, and philosopher of the Public
Accounts Committee of the Parliament�
independence
1.salary and service condition det. by parl. cant be altered for disadv.
2.admin expenditure charged on CFI
3.appointed by president warrent aunder seal 65/6
4.removal by presdent as SC judge
5.not eligible to further appoinent eith C OR S
limts
1. executive appointed-limits its role of
holding the executive accountable
2.post facto report
3.limited admin. expertise
4.qns of independency
5.secret expenditure- nosay
6.limited resources
7.Delayed supply of
crucial documents to the auditors
8. No criteria for appointment:
9. Lack of statutory recognition: for the officials and
staff of the Indian Audit and Accounts Departmen
52
NCSC/NCST
89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 bifurcated
1. Investigate and monitor- constitutional and other legal safeguards
2. investigation of rights deprivation
3. Participate and advise on the planning aspect wrt socio-economic development and evaluate
4. Send Annual reports to the President
5. Recommend measures to the Union and the states
6. Online complaints:
7. setting up of special courts for the speedy trial of offences committed under the Civil Rights Act and the Prevention of Atrocities Act�
8.Collect Statistics: cases under the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989�
9. Law implementation: monitor
limitation
1. Lack of infrastructure, manpower and resources�
2. Lack of Capacity and insensitiveness of the institutions towards these communities�
3. The Commission’s recommendations are not binding, only recommendatory�
4. Inefficient functioning as the bar for appointment is too high given the backwardness of these communities�
5.Vague selection and appointment process, exorbitant budget
53
simultaneoux election
A High-Level Committee (HLC) headed by Ramnath Kovind,
54
delimitaion
It is the process of redrawing boundaries and fixing the number of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies�
Conducted by an independent Delimitation Commission under Article 82, as per a law enacted by Parliament�
1. app. by presiden
2. consists of SC j, CEC, SEC
3. cannot be challenge in courts
4. report to LS,SLA-no modification
5. determine boundries and number of constituencies
6. seat allocation to SC/ST
7. readjust representation in territorial constitency based on latest census/popln data
8. public opinion
9. majority decision
** Challenges in the Next Delimitation Round**
MP asymmetry: Uttar Pradesh could gain 100+ Lok Sabha seats, while NE states like Sikkim or Mizoram may retain
just one�
Migration of SC/ST voters: Dispersed urban SC/ST populations (e�g�, in Delhi or Mumbai) complicate the reservation
of constituencies�
Migrant voters & urban-rural parity: High in-migration to cities like Bangalore or Pune challenges balanced
representation and constituency structuring�
55
AGI
-Article 76 of the Constitution, is the highest law officer and chief legal
adviser to the Government of India�
1. . Legal Advisor to the Government:
2. Performs Legal Functions Assigned by the President:rafting legal documents, giving opinions
3. Government Representation in Courts:
4. Assists under Article 143: advisory opinion�
5. the Attorney-General enjoys the right of audience in all courts
6. can participate in parliamentary proceedings without voting rights
7. Constitutional Interpretation: Clarifies legal ambiguitie
8. International Guidance: Provides advice on global treaties-Paris Climate Agreement
56
presdent
1. symbol of solidarity, unity, and integrity of the nation
2. Guardian/custodian of the Constitution
3. Discretion in Coalition Era-ensuring political
stability
4. Check on Arbitrary Laws- check on hasty legislation
5. Role in Judicial Appointments
6. represents the unity of the nation Neutral Figure Above Politics
57
VP
1. ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha -ensures smooth functioning
2. Presides -maintains order and decorum in the Rajya Sabha
3. authority to take disciplinary action
4. Decides on points of order raised
5. Refers bills, resolutions, and motions to the appropriate parliamentary committees
6. Exercises a casting vote
7. Represents the Rajya Sabha
58
india-pak
1. operation sindoor was the indias deepest cross order action since 1971,reflectin shit towards offensive counterterrorism posture
2. indias military action was-targeted and proportiontate
implication
1. new counterterrorism doctrine- stratgeic restraint tostrategic responsiveness
2. imposed diplomatic and military cost on pak
3. recaliberation of india relations with major power- western, vs china-causious reaction
4. redefining deternnace under nuclear threshold
5. blend of soft and hard power
59
china-pak axis
1. share all weather strategic coperative partnership
@threat
two front war contingency-watern and northern border
encirclement in IOR- string of pearls
POK as strategic coorridor-CPEC
weaponization of trade and technoloy- paks' asymetric warfare
inelligence an dsurvilence suppor to pak
indias response
oposing CPEC
military modernization on borders
stratgic partnership-QUAD,I2U2
POK as bilateran and constitutional issue empahized by india
IOR strategy- SAGAR to MAHASAGAR
60
IWT in abeyance
implication
startegic leverage- us of water as tool
anti india narrative-->terrorism in pak perpeuates
intl critisms-
to justify
1.self defense against terrorism- vienna convention proviion
2.CBT- as violationo fspirit of good willand friendship
3.
61
BRICS expansion
1. egypt,ethiopia,iran,UAE,indonesa
2. india- suports expansion
3. obj- strengthen multipolarity, S-S coop, dedollarization initiatives
4. perception as antiwest
stargic role
strategic autonomy
62
indian dispora
1. indian diaspora popln- 35 mn- NRI,OCI
significance
1. remittance-$120bn /annum
2. invest in strtups
3. tech transfer- innovation colloboration -microsoft ,google
4. eductaion,philonthrophy- shiv nadar eductaion
5. entrepeneurs in silicon valley
6. global market access- indranoyi pepsico
7. political reps- inflencingpolicymaki-kamala haris,
8. track 2 diplomacy -bridge
9. global form policy support- gita gopinath stenthen india s global voie
10. cultural diplomacy-diwali
issues
1. economic- protectionist policy - low job oopr- H1 B visa restriction in US
2. limited political participation
3. brain drain- hindering domestic innovation and growth
4. security- anti globalisatoion sentiments, political instability-west asia
5. exploitative labour practices-west
63
* mk ranjitsingh vs uoi--right against adverse effect of climate change
* doctrine of reasonable classification
* right against arbitrarness--art14
* 3% gdp vs 6% kothari commision
* doctor patient rato-- 1:1511 vs 1:1000-WHO
* balram singh case 2024--amending power of parl over constitution extends to preamble
64
POLITY
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
# Cards
