1
Q
drug trafficking
A
drug trafficking via OC –>generation of funds –>terrorist funding –> protection to OC networks–
2
Q
moneylaundering
A
placement —> layering —> integration
3
Q
biodiversity conservation
A
one earth one family approch(vasudev kutumbakam)
4
Q
food security
A
availability, accessabilityaffordability, utilization—-> reduce food inflation
5
Q
R&D
A
ashok gulati- 1 rupee expenditure in r&d –>5rupee output
1 rupee expenditure in subsidy—>0.7 rupee output
way
tax breaks for private invetmnet in RD
1/vaibhav fellowship
2/vigyan puraskar
3/S&T innovation polcy2020
4/ANRF
6
Q
cobweb phenomena
A
farmers expecting high produce for prevoius yr hih price crop but happens else
7
Q
msme
A
germany model- msme produce highly specialized product
8
Q
global warming on agri
A
ms swaminathan- 1 degree c increase in temperature reduces wheat output by 4-5%
9
Q
employment
A
- 2024, India’s overall Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) remained stable at 56�2%
- 4.2%, 4.1% and 3.2% during 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23, -UR declining trend over years
- Female labour force participation rate increased from 23.3 per cent in 2017-18 to 41.7 per cent in 2023-24
- India Skills Report 2023 Key Findings: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS 2020-21): Only 5.4% of the total workforce have formal skill/vocational training in India
skill dvelopment- SANKALP,STRIVE-Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood (SANKALP),Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement (STRIVE): Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0:
According to UNEVOC (a combination of ‘UNESCO’ and ‘vocational education’), the acquisition of practical competencies,
know-how and attitudes necessary to perform a trade or occupation in the labour market is known as skill development
while terming the workers as “Nation Builders”, he had said that the power of “Shramev Jayate” for growth
of the country was equal to that of “Satyamev Jayate””:PM
10
Q
public investment
A
- IMF notes that a 1% increase in public investment can boost GDP by 2.7%, private investment by 10%, and employment by 1.2%
shortcomes- lower tax base, parallel economy, and tax evasion
- Infrastructure investment, being long-term, may be undervalued compared to short-term
electoral benefits
- red tape and bureaucratic inefficiencies
4.borrowing raises fiscal deficit and may crowd
out private investment
private investment-concern
1.regionally skewed investments
2.Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs), is susceptible
to global economic fluctuations�
3.Low Investment during Recession
11
Q
infrastructure investment
A
- backbone of economic development� It improves productivity, reduces transaction costs, enhances connectivity, and facilitates access to basic services—making growth both rapid and inclusive
- Economic Acceleration-e Golden Quadrilateral project significantly improved freight mobility and economic
integration
3.Rural-Urban Connectivity-Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) and Bharatmala aiding agricultural supply chains and access to education and healthcare
4.Inclusive Growth-rural electrification (e.g., Saubhagya scheme), sanitation (Swachh Bharat
Mission), and housing (PMAY) have improved quality of life
5.Employment Generation-construction and transport,
6.Private Investment & FDI Attraction- - Regional Balance: Schemes such as UDAN (regional air connectivity) and inland waterways help integrate remote areas,
- NIIF
- NIP-NIP outlines a roadmap for investing Rs� 111 lakh crores in infrastructure over a five-year period (2020
2025), with the center, state, and private sector sharing the investment in a 39:39:22 ratio�
Allocation of Investment: Approximately 70% of the total investment is earmarked for Energy (24%), Roads (19%), Urban (16%), and Railways (13%)
12
Q
energy
A
- It is around one-third of the global average of per capita energy consumption
- non fossil fuel-share of 46�3 %(203GW) of total installed generation capacity in the country
- Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT&C) losses reached 15.37% nationwide in 2023, indicating inefficiencies in transmission, and distribution
- BEE-Star Rating and UJALA scheme aim to promote energy efficiency and provide affordable LED bulbs to consumers
- SAUBHAGYA aim to electrify households and reduce discontinuous power supply
- KUSUM encourage solar pump installations and surplus electricity sales to Discoms, providing additional income opportunities for farmers
- India’s renewable energy target of 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030�
- UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) and SLNP (Street Lighting National Programme)�- LEDs consume up to 85% less electricity compared to incandescent bulbs�
- FDI) up to 100% is permitted in the renewable energy sector under the
Automatic route,
10.National Green Hydrogen Mission with the objective of achieving energy independence for India by 2047�
13
Q
roads
A
- second-largest road network in the world
- transports 64.5% of all goods in the country and 90% of India’s total passenger traffic
- Ministry of Road Transport and Highways introduced BharatMala Pariyojana as an umbrella project for the highways sector. The primary aim of the scheme is to improve the quality of roads and the construction of new roads� It focuses on developing Economic Corridors, Feeder Routes, Port Connectivity etc�
- 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
- PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (PMGS-NMP) aims to provide multimodal connectivity infrastructure to various
economic zones across India�
14
Q
railways
A
- Fourth largest network in the world
- net-zero emission network by 2030.
- Kisan Rails are introduced to provide freight service to agricultural commoditie
- Dr. Kakodkar):
¾ Advance signaling system implementation�
¾ Eliminate all level crossings�
15
Q
port adn waterways
A
- Jalvahak’ policy to boost cargo movement via inland waterways, particularly on the Ganga,Brahmaputra, and Barak rivers under National Waterways
- Sagarmala programme is the Ministry of Shipping’s flagship initiative
intended to promote port-led development in the nation by utilising its
14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways, 7,500 km of coastline, and
advantageous location on major international maritime trade routes
16
Q
aviation
A
- presently among the top 10 civil aviation markets in the world
- grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13% during FY22-FY23.-passenger traffic
- n India, the cost of Aircraft Turbine Fuel (ATF) can account for 50-70 percent of an airline’s
operational expense
17
Q
industries
A
- Employment elasticity is minimal, with a 1% increase in GDP growth rate resulting in only a 0�1% rise in employment
- Insufficient allocation of financial resources for basic services like education (3% expenditure vs� 6% target) and health (1�5% expenditure vs� 3% mandate)�
- Industrialisation promotes balanced regional development, unlike services which are urban concentrated
- National Manufacturing Policy (NMP, 2011): The policy aimed to increase the manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP to at least 25%
- Make in India-boost domestic manufacturing and attract FDI� Focus on 27 sectors
- Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Rolled out in 14 sectors to incentivize manufacturing and boost competitiveness� Aims to generate ₹4 lakh crore investment and 60 lakh jobs over 5 years
- NMP 2011, aspires to “transform India into a global design and manufacturing export hub,”
- Quality Concerns: Allegations of substandard exports damage India’s image� Example: Everest & MDH spices flagged for pesticides abroad�
- by integrating “Assemble in India for the world” into Make in India, India can raise its export market share to about 3.5 per cent by 2025 and 6 per cent by 2030.
- share of the manufacturing sector in employment has fallen from 12�1% in 2017-18
to 11�4%in 2023-24�(Economic survey 2024-25)
18
Q
MSME
A
- MSMEs, accounting for over 30% of GDP and 45% of exports, are central to inclusive and job-intensive growth�
- over 90% of the MSME sector in the informal category, most of the micro-enterprises are unable to access formal credit(16%only) or govt benefits
- domestic market accounts for only about 2 percent of the global market size
- India’s current e-commerce exports stand at a modest $2 billion, a mere 0�5 percent of our merchandise exports
- 85 percent of MSMEs are classified as “dwarfs” — older than 10 years but still smaller than 100 employees�
- only 18% of registered MSMEs are owned by women
- A 1% rise in imported digital services inputs increases MSME employment by 0�4–0�8% and
productivity by 0�04–0�08%
19
Q
4th INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
A
- IR- steam powerd engine and mechanized
- IR- electricity mass production
- IR-computer , electronics-automation
- IR- cyberphysics- robots, IoT, communication networks-AI,ML
- IR-human robot colloboration,cognitive systm, cutomizable-ecofriendly
impact
- realtime data driven analytisc-decision
- quality improvemtn of G,s
- new businesse- subsription platforms
- facilitate globalization
challenges
‘ethical concern of potential displacement of jobs
‘digital divide
‘cybersecurity gaps
‘biased
20
Q
india AI mission
A
- est. robust inclusive AI ecosysytem
- graphics processing units
- indigenous larage multimodel models
4.
21
Q
ISRO- reusable launch vehicle(RLV-LEX)-landing experiment
A
- pushpak-unamanned prototype of RLV
- chinook helicaptor- drops-launch vehicle has to find runway-safe landing
- within the atmosphere
ORV-future test- original RLV
- GSLV- 400km
- beyod atm - checks atmospheric reentry capabilty
RLV- 2stage-resusable 1st stage
–> redues the cost of space launch potentially 80%compared to current methods
–>allows more frequent affordable access to space
–>reduced space junk(prevent kesseler syndrome)
–>increase globa space market share
22
Q
noble prce- discovery of micro RNA and its role in post transcriptional gene regulation -amrose and gary
A
discovered in nematodeworm
DNA–transcripton factor–>RNA–ptr(small non coding)—>protein
1. post transcriptional reglulation by micro RNA-interferin RNA/RNAi/silence RNA- silences translation (mi RNA- RISC+mRNA)
2. can cancer by mutation in microRNA
3. many celular function regln by mi
4. 1/3rd of human genome reg. by mi
5. abnormal–>diseases-myocartial to autoimmune diseae
23
Q
nutrino observatory
tiny neutral subatomic particles(lepton)
A
- neglible mass
- travel speed of of light
- pass throuh earth- not interfere with matter
- diargram -observatory under hill/water- others cant detected
- born from cosmic violence- fusiion and fission, nuclear decay in earth,exploding star
- 1st obsevatory in india - kolar gold field observatory
- icecube underwater antartic largest
signicance
to understand evolution of universe
to predict earthquake or vulcanic eruptions by detecting geoneutrinos
use as new medium of communication-free of transmission losses
medical imaging-xray,mri
probe early universe
24
Q
beggar thy neighbour policy
A
- protetionist policy
- tariff measures avg-49% to 18%(2024
- non tariff mesure-bullooned 26000 types
disproportionate affects developing
protectionsim in the form of global acceptance
24
landreforms
abolition of intermediary- zamindars,
land ceiling law- excess land to be appro. by govt
tenancy reform-security
land consolidation-coop. farming
land record modernization
1. India the average land holding size is 1.08 hectares
2. Small and Marginal farmers own 86% of Land in India
3. cycle of land reform and poverty reduction
land equity/reform-->abolition of interrr-->increase access to land distribution-->agrl credit access-->increase growth and productivity of agrl-->increase wages and income-->rural poverty reduction-->reinforce for more equitable reform---.
4. land record digitization
computerization--digitization &integration of maps-->survey,resurvey,updates--from presumptive to conclusive title-->GIS development &capcity buildin
5. achieved 94% digitization targets pan-India, as per the Digital India Land Records
Modernization Programme
25
car t cell theropy-cancer immunotherphy treatment
CTL-cytotoxic T lymbocyte+ CD19 +antibody for CD19=chimeric antigen receptor(CAR) T cell
1. collect T cell from leukemia patient
2. add CD antibody to Tcell receptor=CAR tcell- genetically engineered
3. inject back to patient blood stream
3.
26
protein structure-david baker,john jumper
1. design novel proteins
2. protein folding problems
3. AlphaFold- deep learning for proein structure prediction
27
XINGHUO
fusion-fission hybrid nuclear power plant
1. fission- U235+n-->Ba141+Kr92+3n
2. fusion- deutrium+tirtium-->He+n
3. fast neutron from fusion used to trigger fertile material of fision reaction U238-->p239 or Th232-->U233--> fision reactor
4. Q30= generate 30x times enegy than enegy spent
5. adv- fuel abundance U238 vs U235 req in fission
reduced demand on fusion
imporved safety
6. challenges- tech complexity, radioactive waste by fission, safety concern
7. SMR- Advance nuc. reactor have power genetion capacity of <300MW- 1/3rd regular reactor
low carbon electricity
portable and factory assembled
affordable
microreactor<10MW
backup power supply @ emergency suitations
autoturnoff options-safety
req. less frequent refueling-every3-7 yrs vs 1-2yrs of conventional
28
tax on rich
adv
1. increased tax revenue to govt- may increase tax to gdp ratio from17%- reduction on reliance on boroowing- reduce fiscal defict
2. CAPEX- increases
3. improve confidence of govrnance
concerns
1. not yielded higher revenue in experienmented experience
2. complex admin work
3. may capital flight
4. difficulty in estimating assets- stock volatility
5. bllackmoney/moneylaundering/virtual assets
29
textiles - 6th largets market, labourintensive- less share globle market
1. import reliance rawmaterial- restriction- cost increase- lower competitiveness
2. Micro small entriprice mostly- overall output is less, high CoP
3. cost of capital - credit interest rate- 9% vs china3.5%, vietnam4-5%
4. skilled labour availabilty
5. cost of transport
6. fragmented suply chain(rawmaterial to exports)--> pm mktra- clusterbased
7. ROCTL like RODEP
way- skilled labour availbe
rduce cost of capital- interest equalization scheme
capital linked subsidy- ashok gulati -
promte single window supplier as in bengladesh
30
fiscalfederlism issue
1. centrally sponsored schems- urdens states as it is not consulted
2. net borrowing ceiling(CBD)-3%SGDP;FRBM including off budget borrowing
3. rebranding of the scheme by scheme
4. increasing cess& sercharges- non divisibilty pool of taxe
5. gst compenstation
6. floating funds-singe nodel agency
31
critical mineral-3rd largest reserves but heavily import depended,fastest increasing demand(semiconductor,space,EV,RE)
way
1. incentivise to recycle critcal minerals
2. agreements with afrcin countries,central asia
3. Mineral supply partnership
3.
32
freebies
32
food processing industry
1. process of value addition to produce products through methods such as preservation, addition of food additives, drying etc� with a view to preserve food substances in an effective manner, enhance their shelf life and quality�
2. India’s food production industry worth over $400 billion, but food processing significantly low-as per FICCI Report
3. India is the world’s second largest producer of fruits & vegetables after China but hardly 2% of the produce is processed�
4. vital linkages between the two pillars of the economy, i�e� agriculture and industry�- sunrise sector
5. Mega Food Parks Scheme (MFPS) created 5 lakh
direct jobs by 2022�
6. address inflatin-nutritional security-promotes crop diversificaton- forward backward linkage
7. crop perishble-fish-livestock
8. chleges
supply demand obstacle- low productivity, inconsistant supply
low value addved proceesing @ traditional methods
control control limited- unoranized sector
poor supplychain mechanism- low operationa efficiency
regional disparity uneven distribution of cold chain 7processing facility
fragmented supplychain-multiple intermedaries
way
1.hand holding approach- fiscal incentive, risk sharing,partnership mechanism for infra creation'
2.village level procurement centres "new india@75
3.RD
4.ppp
5.customised logistic
6.second green revolutiona nd rainbow revolution
7.PM kisan SAMPADA YOJANA
8.pli
9.PM-FME
10.oprtion green-TOP
33
agricultre
1. The share of net irrigated area accounts for about 49% of the total net sown area in the country and about 40% is irrigated through canal systems and 60% through groundwater. (Economic Survey 2021-2022)
2. Approximately 17�7% to India’s total GVA at current prices in FY24
3. Agricultural exports in India registered an 8% decline this year (2023 – 24) and fell short of the ambitious target of $ 60 billion by 2022 (set by India’s Agricultural Export Policy, 2018
4. Inefficient MSP Structure: Only 6% farmers get the benefit of MSP and the remaining 94% are dependent on the markets: Shanta Kumar committee’s report o
5. Less than 1% of the Agricultural GDP in India is spent on research�
6. Dalwai Committee has recommended adoption of inverse “Fork-to-Farm” strategy to bring about a strategic shift from production-based push into markets towards a demand-based pull
7. Mahesh Kumar Jain Committee on Agriculture Credit-only through Kisan Credit Cards, recommended that loan waivers should be avoided�, Separate lending targets should be set for allied activities and banks should not insist on land records up to Rs� 2
lakh for such credit,Digitisation of land records
8.Mihir Shah Committee report has recommended the development of institutions for capacity building of water professionals
9. Imbalances in Storage Facilities: According to the CAG report, out of the total storage space, 64% was located in the large procurement states like Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh
10. Non-Adherence to First in First Out Principle (FIFO):
11. Total Subsidy Expenditure: FY 2025-26: ₹4�26 lakh crore, marking a slight increase from ₹4�03 lakh crore in FY 2023-24�
12. India spends roughly 2% of GDP on indirect subsidies- Irrigation subsidy, Power subsidy, Fertilizer subsidy, Credit subsidy, MSP (Minimum Support Price), etc
34
govt budgeting
1. Tax buoyancy rose to 1�4 during 2021–25, compared to 0�86 in 2013–20, allowing greater
infrastructure allocations�
2. Fiscal Discipline: Gross fiscal deficit (GFD) is budgeted at 3�2% of GDP in FY25, rising f
3. States’ debt-to-GDP ratio declined from 31�0% in March 2021 to 28�5% in March 2024, yet remains above
the pre-pandemic level of 25�3% in March 2019� The FRBM Review Committee (2017) recommends reducing it to 20%�
4.A 26-member
Advisory Committee on National Accounts Statistics (ACNAS), chaired by Biswanath Goldar, has been constituted Panel to Revise GDP Base Year to 2022-23
35
inclusive growth
economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes
the dividends of increased prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly across society - OECD
1. NPAs in banks (~4�5% in 2024, RBI) reduce credit flow to industries�
2. R&D spending (~0�7% of GDP) lags behind China (2�4%) and Israel (4�9%)� Slow adoption of
Industry 4�0 in manufacturing�
3. In 2007-08, India was classified as a lower middle-income country, with a per capita income of $1,022 (IMF)� By 2024, this figure has increased to $2,697�
As per IMF projections, India’s per capita income may reach $4,195 by 2029, meaning it is likely to become an upper middle-income country by 2032�
4.World Inequality Report 2024, released by World Inequality Lab India’s top 1% hold 22.6% of the
national income and 40.1% of national wealth
5.23.37 cr people are multidimensionally poor
6.Health: From ~0�9% of GDP (1990s) to ~2�1% (Budget 2023–24) —this is still below global average
7. the living wage is defined as the level of remuneration “necessary to afford a decent standard
of living for workers and their families, taking into account the country’s circumstances and calculated for the work performed during the normal hours of work”.-Article 43
36
indian economy
Study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people�
1.As per the Economic Survey 2024–25, GDP
growth for FY24 is estimated at 7.3%, with similar momentum expected in FY25, driven by domestic demand, capital
expenditure, and digital transformation� For FY25, Real GDP growth is projected at 6.4% (First Advance Estimates),
supported by a rebound in agriculture, strong services sector, and private consumption
37
GST 2017
1. obj; one nation one tax
2. more than 40types tax subsumed
3. improved tax buyoance
4. avg revenue collection increased-avg monthly 1.8lakh cr
5.better comilance and reduced tax evasion
6.formalization- 1.5cr registered
7.EoDS- interstate economy
concrns
1.multiple taxslabs- complexity in admin-popcorn,bunbutter
2.invrted duty str- tax rate is output is lower than input
3.all commodities not coveres
4.states revenue issues
way
GSTAT
plug loopoles
rationalisation measure-reduce slabs-
38
WTO 1995 GATT
1. USA economic policy
2. last agreement bali conference 2013
3. forum for global trade promotion
4. disputr resoln issue- 'crown jewel of WTO' inoperational
5. increase protectionist policies across globe
6. sphagetti bowl phenomena-bilateral ,multilateral agreement bypassing WTO= violates MFN principle
way
1.
39
higher working hors--GDP
1. factories Act.1948-48 hours in a week, 9hours in a day vs china 46hours /week
why
1. centre emphasizes on states
2. connect with higher production--> atmanirbar bhaart
3. part. of women increase
4. 3 to 2 shifts/day
concern
1. work life balance-
2. burnout-travelling
3. lapse of conc-->accidents
4. capitalism motive
way
1. focus on productivity-$8/hr vs global avg $19/hr vs production- adopt technology
40
national misiion on natural farming
1. currently 10lakh hac
2. cluster based demontrations
3. annual susidy of 4000rupees/acre
40
NDC
1. reduce emisiio intensity of its GDP by 45% from 2005 level
2. achieve 50% cumulative electric power installeled capacity from non fossil based resources
3. additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO2 through additional tree and tree and forest cover
40
panchamirta
1. net zero by 2070
2. increse non fossil energy capcity to 500GW by 2030
3. reduce carbon intensity of economy by less than 45% by 2030
4. reduce total projected carbon emision by one million tonnes by 2030
40
FTA
1. more market access
2. boosts manu/sectors
3. gdp, employment
4. forex
concerns
1. widened trade deficit
2. unbenefitedness of industries
3. violation of provisions
4. rooting of products of 3rd country
5. 5.non tariff barriers increasd
way
1.detailed coding
2.compulsory review
3.rules of origin- strict
export promotion
RoDTEP
PLI
SEZ
ODOP
promoton of ecommerce
40
renewable energy
* duck curve problem- production is higher at day time and demand is higher at evening---> need to storage facility-->BESS(storage infra)
* import dependence is high of splar cells
* reneable purchase obligation
* financial issues
40
semiconductor
* material conducting b/w insulatror and conductor only under certain condition
* increasing electornic consumption
scope
* skilled labour require- 20%skiled abour in india
* govt inititaives-SEZ
* increaing domestic demand
concens
* gestation period-higher
* high investment requ-capital intensive
* not very labour intensive
* manufacturing capability- competition
40
women and workforce
* cladia goldin nobel - ess capacity o fwomen
* kind of mis comfortable job
gig economy-non traditional of employee -employer contract
40
LUPEX-Lunar polar exploration mission/chandrayan5
* exploring moon resources at polar region -water and water ice- surface ansd beneath regolith
* ISRO+JAXA
* potential habitation
* H3 rocket of japan- 100 days operation on lunar
* onsite experiments
40
biotech-genomes
* indigen project
* genome india initiatives
* the genomics for understanding rare disease india allaince network-GUaRDIAN-clinicl genome research
*
40
aditya L1
* indigenous space based solar observatory
* deep space mission
* orbit around l1
41
enome edited rcie
* DRR DHAN 100 kamala- DEV from samba mashuri
* pusa DST rice 1-
* yirld, drought resistance,alkalinity salinity tolerance
* used site directed nuclease(SDN1.SDN2) techniwues
* not GM no need approval
conerns, prematuring
* NIPGR-genome edited rice with enhanced phosphate uptake in japonica rice- crispr cas9 technique used
*
41
POLITY
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