Haemodynamics

Question 1

Resistance to blood flow is primarily due to:

A. Blood oxygenation
B. Friction within vessels
C. Heart rate
D. Valve function

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Polycythaemia increases blood:

A. Flow rate
B. Oxygen saturation
C. Vessel diameter
D. Viscosity

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Laminar flow is best described as:

A. Chaotic blood movement
B. Flow in parallel layers
C. Flow only in arteries
D. Backward flow

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in the:

A. Aorta
B. Large veins
C. Arterioles
D. Pulmonary arteries

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Pulse pressure is defined as:

A. Mean arterial pressure
B. Systolic minus diastolic pressure
C. Diastolic minus systolic pressure
D. Central venous pressure

Answer 5

B

Question 6

Normal central venous pressure (CVP) is:

A. 0–2 mmHg
B. 2–8 mmHg
C. 8–15 mmHg
D. 15–20 mmHg

Answer 6

B

Question 7

When blood pressure drops, the kidneys release:

A. Aldosterone
B. Angiotensin II
C. ADH
D. Renin

Answer 7

D

Question 8

Angiotensin II primarily causes:

A. Vasodilation
B. Reduced preload
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Decreased blood volume

Answer 8

C

Question 9

Aldosterone increases:

A. Potassium retention
B. Sodium and water reabsorption
C. Urine output
D. Vasodilation

Answer 9

B

Question 10

A common cause of cardiogenic shock is:

A. Severe burns
B. Acute myocardial infarction
C. Vomiting
D. Diarrhoea

Answer 10

B

Question 11

Septic shock is characterised by:

A. Increased systemic vascular resistance
B. Severe vasoconstriction
C. Dysregulated vasodilation
D. Low heart rate

Answer 11

C

Question 12

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) reflects pressure in the:

A. Left atrium
B. Pulmonary artery
C. Right atrium
D. Aorta

Answer 12

C