a level geog > hazards > Flashcards

hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a natural hazard?

A

an event which threatens both life and property

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2
Q

what is the adaptation ideology?

A

when people adjust how they live to reduce hazard vulnerability

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3
Q

what is the fatalism ideology?

A

the idea people cannot influence hazards or the outcome hence no measures are taken

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4
Q

give 4 reasons why people live near hazards

A
  1. hazards are unpredictable
  2. lack of alternatives due to socio-economic and political factors
  3. changing levels of risk
  4. environmental benefits such as fertile soil and climate
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5
Q

give 4 ways perceptions of hazards could be changed

A
  1. level of education
  2. religion / culture
  3. socio-economic status
  4. employment status
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6
Q

what is the fear ideology towards hazards?

A

that people have become so vulnerable they move away

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7
Q

what is integrated risk management?

A

using socio-economic and political factors to measure damage acceptability and how to minimise damage

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8
Q

what are the 3 ways hazards can be managed?

A
  1. prediction
  2. prevention
  3. protection / mitigation
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9
Q

what does prediction involve?

A

using monitoring systems to reduce vulnerability

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10
Q

what does prevention involve?

A

very little as mitigation is more realistic for natural hazards

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11
Q

what does protection/mitigation involve?

A

modifying the infrastructure of an area at risk as well as implementing action plans to ensure communial readiness

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12
Q

what does the hazard management cycle illustrate?

A

the reaction and recovery of an area after a natural event as well as future preventitive actions

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13
Q

what does the park model illustrate?

A

the quality of life decline and recovery after a natural event

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14
Q

what are the 3 stages of the park model?

A
  1. relief
  2. rehabilitation
  3. reconstruction
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15
Q

what are the 2 meanings of distribution for a hazard?

A
  1. the spacial cover of a hazard
  2. where hazards are likely to occur
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16
Q

give 3 facts about the core

A
  1. made of dense iron and nickel alloy
  2. outer core is molten (5000 degrees)
  3. 5100km deep
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17
Q

what is primordial heat?

A

heat remaining from the earths formation

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18
Q

what is radiogenic heat?

A

heat from decaying isotopes

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19
Q

what 2 ways heats the core?

A
  1. primordial heat
  2. radiogenic heat
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20
Q

give 3 facts about the mantle

A
  1. the thickest layer
  2. 2900km deep
  3. made up of molten and semi molten rock
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21
Q

what is the athenosphere?

A

the fluid, upper part of the mantle which the lithosphere sits on

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22
Q

give 4 facts about continental crust

A
  1. 30-70 km deep
  2. 1500m + years old
  3. 2.6 density
  4. composed of granite, alluminium, silicon and oxygen
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23
Q

give 4 facts about oceanic crust

A
  1. 6-10km deep
  2. less than 200m years old
  3. 3.0 density
  4. composed of basalt, silicon, magnesium and oxygen
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24
Q

what is paleomagnetism?

A

a record of the earths magnetic field preserved in magnetic minerals

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25
what does the plate tectonic theory state?
the theory the earth is made up of 7 rigid plates which all move
26
who discovered the Pangea theory?
Alfred Wegener
27
what is Pangea?
a theory of a supercontinent 300 million years ago
28
how did pangea split?
through continental drift
29
what is a plume?
a hot column of magma that arises from deep in the earth
30
what is a rift valley?
a long deep valley found at a fault line
31
what is a fault line?
a crack in the earth caused by tectonic movement
32
what is sea floor spreading?
the theory that the ocean floor is moving away from the mid oceanic ridge
33
what is a mid oceanic ridge?
an underwater mountain range where the crust is activiely spreading apart | formed via plate tectonics
34
give 3 pieces of geological evidence for continental drift
1. jigsaw fit between continents e.g South America and West Africa 2. similar glacial deposits in sotuh africa, india and antartica 3. similar rock sequences in north scotland and east canada
35
give 2 biological reasons for continental drift
1. fossils in india are similar to those in Australia 2. identical plant fossils in india and antartica
36
what is the lithosphere?
the combination of the crust and upper mantles
37
what does the plate tectonic theory suggest? | lithosphere and athenosphere
the lithosphere can slide over the athenosphere to create plate movement
38
what occurs to counteract sea floor spreading?
subduction in ocean trenches to destroy crust
39
what are convection currents?
heat driven cycles which support the movement of lithospheric plates | as well as causes ridge push and slab pull
40
what is ridge push?
at constructive plate boundaries, oceanic ridges create a denser lithosphere, causing it to slide on the sloped athenosphere through gravity.
41
what is slab pull?
at destructive plate boundaries older, colder oceanic plates are denser than the underlying mantle, causing it to subduct through gravity | the force on the sinking edge is known as slab pull
42
what are ocean trenches?
subduction of an oceanic plate causing a trench
43
what are young fold mountains?
where two plates hit and neither subducts, causing them to spike up and make a mountain
44
how do island chains form?
as tectonic plates move over hotspots, it takes the previously formed volcanic island with it, creating another volcanic island.
45
what is ash?
dust sized particles of rock produced by an eruption
46
what is a composite volcano?
a large steep sides volcano formed by alternating layers of lava flow, ash and blocks.
47
where are composite volcanos found?
destructive plate boundaries
48
what are lahars?
mudflows composed of tephra and water
49
what is a pyroclastic flow?
a rapidly moving dense flow of volcanic gases, ash and larger material | up to 700kmh
50
what is tephra?
rock fragment which is ejected from a volcano
51
what are volcanic bombs?
material over 5mm which is ejected from a volcano
52
what is the volcanic explosive index?
a logarithmic scale of 1-8 which measures the explosivity of a volcano
53
where are shield volcanos found?
constructive plate margins
54
give 4 features of shield volcanos
1. gently sloped 2. low viscosity 3. basaltic lava 4. gentle but frequent eruptions
55
give 4 features of composite volcanos
1. steep sloped 2. high viscosity 3. andesitic lava 4. less frequent but violent eruptions
56
how do composite volcanos form?
1. subduction occurs, melting the desner plate into magma. 2. the less dense andesitic lava exploits cracks in the crust and climbs to the top 3. the magma cools and forms volcanos
57
how are shield volcanos formed?
1. as plates separate basaltic magma is forced up and cooled into a volcano or 1. hot spots force magma up through the crust, causing it to cool into a volcano
58
give 3 features of pyroclastic flow
1. 800 degrees C 2. high velocity 3. gas charged
59
give 3 primary effects of volcanos
1. pyroclastic flow 2. tephra 3. lava flow
60
give 3 secondary effects of volcanos
1. lahars 2. flooding(glaciers melt) 3. tsunamis(displacement of water)
61
what is acid rain?
when volcanic gases such as sulphur combines with moisture forming acid rain
62
what is climatic change in eruptions?
when huge amounts of debris blocks solar radiation, cooling the earth
63
what are 3 signs a volcano may erupt
1. an increase in the release of volcanic gases 2. a rise in the level of lava lakes in the crater 3. the buldging up of surrounding land due to pressure
64
what are 3 physical actions that can be used during an eruption?
1. digging to divert viscous lava 2. pour water on lava flows 3. evacuations
65
what is the focus?
the in which the pressure of an earthquake is release
66
what is the epicentre?
the point of crust immediately above the focus
67
what are the 3 types of focus?
1. shallow (0-70km deep) 2. intermediate(70-300km) 3. deep(300-700km)
68
what plate boundary creates the most violent earthquakes?
destructive plate boundarys
69
how do earthquakes occur at conservative margins?
transform faults have sudden movement, releasing energy
70
what are 3 human causes of earthquakes?
1. building large resevoirs 2. deep mining 3. fracking
71
what is the moment magnitude scale?
a logarithmic scale which measures energy released
72
what is the mercalli scale?
a scale which measures the intensity of damage of an earthquake
73
what is the richter scale?
a logarithmic scale which measures the total magnitude of an earthquake
74
what is a logairthmic scale?
a scale where between each number, the value goes up by a different fold
75
what are the pros and cons of the moment magnitude scale?
1. widely understood 2. accurate on larger earthquakes but 1. inaccurate on small earthquakes
76
what are the pros and cons of the mercalli scale?
1. easy to understand but 1. subjective 2. varys based off of location
77
what are the pros and cons of the richter scale?
1. commonly understood 2. can measure very small earthquakes but 1. confusing with the mms scale 2. inaccurate on large earthquakes
78
give 2 primary effects of earthquakes
1. ground shaking 2. ground rupture
79
give 3 secondary effects of earthquakes
1. soil liquefaction 2. tsunamis 3. landslides
80
what is soil liquefaction?
when violently shaken soil with high water conent loses its mechanical strength and behaves like a liquid
81
what is a storm surge?
a rapid rise in sea level causing a build up of water at the coast
82
give 3 features tropical storms need to form
1. needs an ocean at least 70m deep 2. needs a sea of at least 27 degrees celsius 3. needs to be located 5-20 degrees N or S of the equator
83
what are cumulonimbus clouds?
towering dense clouds which form from vapour in the lower atmosphere
84
give a step by step of how tropical storms form
1. 27 degree sea water rises, creating an area of low pressure, drawing surrounding air, creating wind 2. the rising air condenses and forms cumulonimbus clouds 3. the cumulonimbus clouds form the eye wall with intense wind and rain 4. the coriolis effect causes the storm to spin around the eye 5. cold air sinks in the centre of the eye creating a dry eye 6. eastern winds push the storm west 7. the storm gains energy as it travels over water
85
what is the saffir simpson scale?
a 5 point scale which measures the wind speed of storms
86
what is classified as a major storm on the saffir simpson scale?
cat 3 (178kmh) and above
87
give 2 ways climate change impacts tropical storms
1. increases intensity due to higher precipitation 2. increased frequency
88
how are island arcs formed?
subduction causes magma to rise and create a series of volcanic eruptions. Over time, the repeated eruptions creates an arc of volcanic islands.
89
rank the most violent to the least violent plate margins in terms of earthquakes
1. destructive 2. conservative 3. constructive
90
what is global atmospheric circulation?
the large-scale movement of air around the planet | impacts hazards by controlling moisture and heat in areas
91
what does the hazard management cycle show?
how the events of one hazard inform planning and preparation for the next one
92
what are the 5 events of the hazard management cycle in order?
1. hazard 2. response - immediate actions 3. recovery - rebuilding of economy and infrastructure 4. mitigation - actions to reduce impacts of next one 5. preparedness - educating the public for the future
93
# hazard management cycle give an example of response, recovery, mitigation, preparedness
response - search and resuce recovery - restoring services and rebuilding mitigation - building flood barriers, setting up warning systems preparedness - drills, public campaigns
94
what does the park model show?
how the quality of life is affected by hazards - also outlines how people respond to hazards as well
95
what are the 4 stages of the park model?
1. predisaster 2. relief 3. rehabilitation 4. reconstruction
96
what is relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction for the park model?
relief - the immediate response, including search and rescue rehabilitation - temporary services and infrastrucutre e.g shelters reconstruction - permanent reconstruction which aims to provice the same or better q.o.l as before
97
what does the steepness of the park model show?
the magnitude of the event
98
give 3 reasons why LICS have a steeper and longer park model than HICS
1. lack of equipment for response 2. lack or preparation e.g awareness 3. lack of money
99
what % of volcanoes are found at the pacific ring of fire?
75%
100
give 3 points of comparison for impacts
1. local vs global 2. short term vs long term 3. economic vs social
101
give 2 pros of the hazard management cycle
1. can be adpated to different locations and demographics 2. promotes resillience and education to reduce future vulnerability
102
give 2 cons of the hazard management cycle
1. lack of time scales - high variation between different levels of development 2. requires siginificant resources and funding making it hard for LICS to adopt
103
give 2 pros of the park model
1. tracks quality of life 2. enables direct comparison between countries and other time scales
104
give 2 cons of the park model
1. oversimplification does not show successive drops in quality of life 2. ignores resource constrictions, suggesting everyone can reach reconstruction
a level geog
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