HDFS 2

Question 1

Why do we care about research?

Answer 1

• Because research creates knowledge, and we want our knowledge of the world to be accurate
• Because “common sense” isn’t always (a) common or (b) right, and philosophy or “logic” is not the same as science
• Because its important to be able to critically evaluate facts and opinions (and to know the difference)

Question 2

What makes good research?

Answer 2

• Based on the works of others
• Replicable
• Generalizable
• Grounded in theory and logical
• Incremental
• Apolitical - this does NOT mean it can have any political implications

Question 3

Types of samples?

Answer 3

• Representative - a representative sample refers to a group of individuals that accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population
• Convivence- is when researchers choose people who are easy to reach or readily available, like asking friends or classmates.

Question 4

Where Does Research come from?

Answer 4

• Personal experience
• Social problems
• Previous research/ unanswered questions
• Theories that need to be tested

Question 5

What is Weird and what does it have to do with samples

Answer 5

samples are often Western, educated, industrialized nations, rich, and domestic

Question 5

In terms of research design what is experimental

Answer 5

experimental study is a type of research where the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable while controlling for other factors.

Question 6

In terms of research design what is non-experimental

Answer 6

non-experimental study is a type of research where the researcher observes and analyzes variables without manipulating them.

Question 7

Self - Esteem

Answer 7

• our global evaluation of ourselves
• Partly determined by others evaluations
• Public rejection is worse than private
• Sometimes, what we think others think (reflected appraisals) is more influential than what we ourselves think

Question 8

Sociometer theory

Answer 8

assesses the quality of our relationships with others. Good relationships= we’re good

Question 9

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 9

We sabotage our relationships to prove we are “right” about our low self-esteem

Question 10

Natural selection v. sexual selection

Answer 10

natural selection - Better coping with challenges → live to spread genes
Sexual selection - More success pairing/reproducing → spread genes

Question 11

Human nature

Answer 11

• Personal/parental investment V.S. Paternity certainty
• Long-term v. short-term mate prospects
• Gender differences in mate selection
• Culture changes more quickly than evolution
• Problem with evolutionary psychology

Question 12

Interactions Matter

Answer 12

• Relationships are more than the sum of their parts
• Particular combinations of individuals (traits, histories, etc.) create unique interactions
• Relationships are a verb, not a noun
• Relationships don’t exist in a vacuum
  
  • Can’t evaluate the present without knowing about the past and the context and expectations for the future

Question 13

Unhealthy Relationships

Answer 13

• Not all relationships are good and beneficial
• Relationships come with risk
• Bad relationships are detrimental to our health (emotionally and physically)
  -You are better off alone than in a bad relationship
• But, people are remarkably resilient and hope springs eternal

Question 14

Same-sex Relationships

Answer 14

• Same-sex relationships are basically the same as cross-sex relationships
  
  • Same patterns of love, attachment, and commitment
  • Fight about the same sorts of issues
  • Look for same sort of characteristics in partners

Question 16

Average differences in same sex relationships

Answer 16

• Gay me tend to be more expressive
• Lesbian women tend to be better educates and have higher self-esteem (instrumental traits)
• Less confined to traditional gender roles
• Men and women in same sex relationships tend to have better relationships

Question 17

Cross-sectional research v. Longitudinal research

Answer 17

cross- Multiple groups, one time
Longitudal - One group, multiple times

Question 18

Data characteristics

Answer 18

• Validity
• Reliability
• How were the questions asked?

Question 19

Types of data

Answer 19

• Self-report
• Other report
• Observations
• Physiological
• Archival material
• Meta-analysis

Question 20

problems with data

Answer 20

• Self-serving bias → I unintentionally give myself too much credit
• Social desirability → I intentionally give the “right” (but untrue) answer
• Observer bias → i see what i want to see
• Reactivity → I’m on my best behavior
• Recall bias → I don’t remember accurately
• Participant attrition → I drop out of the study