Embryology > Heart Development > Flashcards

Heart Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the right side of the hear receive

A

Poorly oxygenated blood from body and pumps to lungs

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2
Q

What does the left side of hear receive

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps to body

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3
Q

What does the atrium recieve blood from

A

Veins

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4
Q

What does the ventricle pump blood into

A

Major arteries

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5
Q

What is the process of the way blood travels through the heart and the lungs for de oxygenated blood

A

I gomes into the right atrium through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava moves through the right ventrical through the pulmonary truck and out the pulmonary arteries

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6
Q

What is the way that oxygenated blood travels through the body

A

Enters the heart through pulmonary veins into the left atrium down through the left ventricle and out thorugh the aorta

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7
Q

What is the atrial

A

Structure that seperates the right and the left atria notable features fossa ovalis

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8
Q

What seperates the right and left ventricles

A

Large muscular part (inferior)
Thin membranous part (superior)

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9
Q

Which ventricular wall is thicker

A

Left ventricular

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10
Q

What is the sinus venarum and what is it seprated by

A

The sinus venarum is the smooth part which is seperated from the rough part by the terminal ridge or crista terminalis

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11
Q

What seprate and prevent retorgade movement of blood

A

Valves seperate artia and ventricles

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12
Q

What is trabeculae carnae

A

Ventricles have rough muscular walls

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13
Q

When does the heart beating spontatneously

A

At the start of the 4th week

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14
Q

What is the heart needed for

A

To facilitate blood flow once the embryo gets larger, so that other tissues can obtain nutrients and oxygen more effciently rather than through simple diffusion

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15
Q

What is the cardiogenic area

A

It is cranial one fo the most cranial structures where the heart will start to form at around 18-19 days

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16
Q

Where do primitive blood vessels acquire a lumen and unite to form a horeshoe shaped plexus of blood vessels

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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17
Q

What do the blood vessels near the cardiogenic area form

A

A left and right endocardial tube

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18
Q

What is craniocaudally

A

From head to tail which is due to a rapidly growin central nervous system overtakes the heart and causes it to fold this way

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19
Q

What causes the lateral folding

which causes the heart to do what

A

It forms the ventral body wall and causes the primitive heart tubes to fuse, which causes the heart to move caudally and ventrally, bringing it to the thorax

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20
Q

What does the heart start off

A

Endocardial tubes folding of the embryo brings the left and right endocardial tubes into close proximity, where they ultimately fuse in the midline

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21
Q

Where do the endocardial tubes remain separate from each other

A

Cranial truncus arteriosus and caudal sinus venosus ends

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22
Q

Where do all veins drain into the heart and where do arteries leave the heart

A

All veins drain into the heart via the sinus venosus all arteries leave the heart in the truncus arteriosus

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23
Q

What is the acesnding features of the first development of the heart

A

Truncus arterisosus
Bulbus cordis
Primitive Ventricle
primitive atrium
Sinus Venosus

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24
Q

What is the fate of the early heart structures

A

Sinus Vensous: Smooth part of atrium (smooth part of left atrium from pulmonary veins)
Atrium: Right part of left and right atria
Ventricle: Left ventricle
Bulbus cordis: Trabeculated part of right ventricle; conus cordis: outflow tract of ventricles
Truncus arteriosus: a state of arota and pulmonary trunk

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25
When the heart is folding how do these structures move
Sinus venosus moves upwards (cranial) behind ventricle and bulbus cordis thus the atria end up dorsal and cranial to the ventricle and bulbus cordisq
26
What are the different muscles in the atrium
Pectinate muscles (in right auricle) which is the rough portion Crista terminalis this is the ridge that seperates the rough and smooth portion of the atria Sinus venarum it is smooth and all feins connect here Fossa ovalis thumbprint like impression
27
Where does the sinus venosus recieve blood from at first
The left and right sinus horns, which each receive blood from the major veins that drain the embryo proper, yolk sac, and placenta
28
What happens to the sinus venosus during the 4th and 5th week
Venous return shifts from left to right causing the entrance of the sinus venosus (sinoatrial orifice) to shift to the right. eft sinus horn looses its importance right horn enlarges
29
What happens to the left side of the sinus venosus
Many of the veins obilerate or lose connection with the left sinus horn. Hence, all that remains of the left sinus horn is the coronary sinus, which ends up draining the heart itself
30
What happens to the right side of the sinus venosus
Enlarged right sinus horn forms main connection between sinus venosus and atrium. Ultimately the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right wall of atrium (forms smooth-walled part of right atrium = sinus venarum)
31
What is the dividing line between the orignal muscular part of right atrium and sinus venarum
Crista terminalis
32
What do the left and right atria start off as
A single chamber an atrial spetum will form around 4-5 weeks to divide this chamber
33
What is the problem with the circulatory stage for embryos
The lungs are not functional; they are not needed for O2/CO2 exchange until after birth. Need to bypass the pulmonary circulation, so in the interatrial spetum the foramen ovale forms, which enables most blood to shunt from right to left atrium, there by bypassing pulmonary circulation during fetal life
34
What is the spetum primum
It is a crecent shaped ridge of tissue that grows from the roof of atrium toward ventricles
35
How does blood flow from right atrium to left atrium | The first step
Through the ostium primum which is bascially at the early stage a space between the spetum primum
36
What is the sinoatrial orfice
Where sinus venosus enters into the right atrium
37
What is the ostium scendum
Holes form in superior portion of the spetum primum which come together to form the ostium scendum and the bottom portion of the spetum primum reaches the atrioventricular canal to close the ostium primum and now blood travels from right atrium to left atrium using the ostium secundum
38
What does the incorporation of the sinus venosus into the right atrium promote formation of
Anothercrecent chaped growth called the spetum secundum
39
What does the spetum secundum do
Grows over the ostium scendum but never extends the full length of atrium opening below the spetum secundum = foramen ovale
40
What do the remnant of spetum primum act as
The valve of oval foramen
41
How does blood flow from the foramen ovale
Blood flows from right atrium to left atrium through the formane ovale by pusthing through this flap on the septum primum
42
Before birth why does the vale of the oval foramen remain open(flappy)
Due to low pressure in the left atrium and realitively high pressure in the right atrium
43
After birth how does the formane oval close
The lungs fill with air and the right side of the heart becomes low pressure compared to the left side. This sucks the valve of the of the oval foramen against the septum secundum fuse together closing the artial spetum
44
What is the remnant of the opening in artial spetum
Fossa ovalis
45
What are the pulmonary veins coming from
Sprout from the left atrial wall and branch repeatedly as they grow in the primordial lungs. As they grow, they fuse with the left atrium
46
What is the right atrium made up off
Muscular primitive rest is sinus venarum (inital sinus vernous) Features include Fodda ovalis Crista terminalis Opening of SVC and IVC
46
What is the left atrium comprised of
Muscular primtive atrium the rest is from incorporation of pulmonary veins (smooth)
47
What are the right and left ventricles formed from further development of what
Primitive Ventricle (mostly left ventricle) Bulbus cordis (trabeculates part of right ventricle) Conus cordis (outflow tracts of both ventricles)
48
How does blood flows into the ventricles
Blood flows from the primitive atrium into the ventricles through the atrioventricular canal. The canal expands to the right and comes to lie between the primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis
49
Where does blood flow out of the ventricle/bulbus cordis through what to the aorta
Truncus arteriosus
50
What happens to the inside wall of the bulbus cordis and ventricle and why
Trabeculate hollowed out ensures that the ventricle walls don't stick during systole
51
What are endocardial cushions
Thick areas of mesenchymal cells that develop in the atrioventricular canal conotruncal region
52
What do the cushions contribute to the formation of what
Formation of spetum primum (atria), interventricular spetum (membranous portion) and conotruncal spetum that divides the outflow tracts and pulmonary trunk/aorta. Also form the heart valves
53
What is the first thing that endocardial cushions do at the end of the fourth week
Partion the atrioventricular canal appear at the superioinferior and lateral border of the atrioventricular canal Superior and inferio cushions fuse which partions the common atrioventricular canal into left and righ
54
How do endocardial cushions form the contruncal septum
Week 5 right and left cushions appear in the conotruncal region the right cushion grows distally and to left; the left cushion grows distally and Cushions spiral around each other and fuse creating the pulmonary trunk and acesnding aorta
55
What completes the conotruncal spetum
Proliferation of inferior cushions
56
Where do conotruncal cushions come from
Neural crest cells contribute to cushions in conotruncal regions only part of the heart not derived from mesodermal tissue
57
Why are endocardial cushion defects common
Since neural crest cells have a long way to travel to get to the heart
58
What else do neural crest cells contribute to
Head and face regions often, neural crest cell defects cause congenital problems in both the face and heart
59
Where does the IV spetum appear
Grows from the bottom toward the endocardial cushions but does not reach them
60
What are the three things to meet and fuse to form the mebranous IV septum
Conotruncla cushions and atrioventricular cushions inferior proilferate to meet the muscualr septum creating the thin memranous portion of IV septu
61
Where is the membranous IV spetum located to the Muscular IV septum
Memranous IV septum is higher up logated to contruncal septum and aatrioventricular canals
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