Urogential System

Question 1

what is the Primtive gut tube connected too

Answer 1

Connected to the yolk sac via the vitelline duct (normally regresses)

Question 2

What is the cloacal membrane

Answer 2

Future anus urthera and vagina

Question 3

What is the allantois

Answer 3

Future Urachus
Median umbilical ligament

Question 4

Where is the primitive gut tube positioned between

Answer 4

The developing heart and dorsal aorta

Question 5

What is the Buccopharynegal membrane

Answer 5

The future mouth

Question 6

What is the Intraembryonic coelom

Answer 6

Future peritoneal cavity

Question 7

What divides the cloaca and into what

Answer 7

Growth of the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the urogential sinus and the anorectal canal

Question 8

How does the urorectal spetum forms

Answer 8

Through a fusion of an upper and lower fold during this process, the cloacal membrane breaks down to create holes to the anorectal canal and urogenital sinus

Question 9

What happens to the urogenital sinus

Answer 9

It starts as one hole and then the urorectal spetum goes in and seperates it Off the urogenttal sinus you have the mesonephtic duct and the uretric bud start to form and a geneital tubercle which turns into either peins or clitoris

Eventually we have a urachus which is a future median umbilical ligament and the urther with the urogential sinus forming the bladder

Question 10

What is agenesis

Answer 10

The two holes dont form the urorectal spetum doesn’t fully split it off

Question 11

What is malaignment

Answer 11

More than one hole happens

Question 12

What are the three Nephric system

Answer 12

Pronephros
Mesonepheros
Metanephros

Question 13

What is pronephros

Answer 13

Develop cranially and quickly regrees
Purpose = introduction

Question 14

What is mesonephros

Answer 14

Develop thereafter in a cranial-caudal direction
Purpose = temporary filtration system

Question 15

What is the metanephros

Answer 15

Develops later lateral to the cloaca
purpose = primitive proper kidney

Question 16

Where are the nephric systems sitting

Answer 16

Lateral to the gut tube urogenital ridges form that give rise to the kidneys (and gonads)

Question 17

What are the three steps of the mesonephros

Answer 17

1. The Mesonephric tubules are induced by the caudal growth of the mesonephric duct
2. The mesonephric duct fuses with the urogental sinus; this induces a canailization process of the duct in the cranial direction
3. A Lateral Splanchnic A branches to each segment to be filtered by each primitive “renal corpuscle”

Question 18

Where are the ureteric buds sprouting from

Answer 18

The distal mesonephric duct and induce the growth and differentiation of the metanephros

Question 19

How does the Nephron and Calices form

Answer 19

You have this uterine bud, and then you will have a metanephric blastemal cap which is the future nephron starts to turn into the uniferous tube and create the nephron loop

Happens through branching and intussusception it will branch out and then come back in so it can branch out more and keep doing this to make millions of collecting ducts

Question 20

What happens to the transient lateral splanchnic arteries

Answer 20

They are what supply the kidneys with blood when they are in the pelvis but as they start to ascend they regress

Question 21

What is the risk off developing kidneys

Answer 21

Pushed so close together during their passage through the arterial fork, there is a risk of lower poles fusing
Getting stuck in the pelvis

Question 22

What is pelvic kidney

Answer 22

When one of the kidneys fails to move from the pelvis

Question 23

What is the horseshoe kidney

What blocks it

Answer 23

If they touch one kidney ascent higher the inferior mesetalic artery block the acent

Question 24

Does it really matter where the kidney is sitting

Answer 24

No not really branching off doesnt actually matter where ever it is it will filter as it goes up it gains and looses arteries

Question 25

How does a double ureter form

Answer 25

Premature branching of the ureteric bud before entering the metanephric blastema

Question 26

What embryological structures form the bladder trigone?

Answer 26

The bladder trigone is formed from the mesonephric ducts after they are incorporate into the posterior wall of the bladder

Question 27

How does incorporation of the mesonephric ducts form the trigone

Answer 27

As the bladder enlarges the mesonephric ducts are absored into the posterior bladder wall, and the ureteres gain separate openings, forming the smooth triangular trigone

Question 28

Why is the tirgone different from the rest of the bladder wall

Answer 28

The trigone has a mesodermal origin, while the rest of the baldder epithelium is derived from endoerm

Question 29

Where is the gondal ridges

Answer 29

Develop ventromedially to the mesonephric duct and tubules

Question 30

Where does the paramesonephric duct develop

Answer 30

Lateral

Question 31

How do the parameonephric ducts form

Answer 31

You have this genital ridge which it what will become the gonad you then have this invagation of the where the paramesonephric ducts form Invagiantion of the colemic epithelium form the paramesonephric ducts; thus lumen is continuos with peritoneal cavity

Question 32

Where do teh paramesonephric ducts connect

Answer 32

The posterior aspects of the urogenital sinus

Question 33

What happens to the germ cells

Answer 33

They migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridge through the mesoderm which indueces proliferation of the coelomic epithelium

Question 34

What are the three cell populations

Answer 34

Germ cells Coelomic epithelium Gonadal ridge mesoderm

Question 35

What does the coelomic epitheium arrange into

Answer 35

Sex cords and germ cells associated with them, and cells of the mesonephros, invest into the developing sex cords as support cells

Question 36

When is the ambisexual stage

Answer 36

Usually first to 4-8 weeks

Question 37

What is the diveregence of urogential development

Answer 37

A continium with intersex morphology being in the middle

Question 38

When is there divergence in urogenital developemnt

Answer 38

8-9 weeks The paramesonephric starts to disappear in male Where in the female it start to thicken up

Question 39

What is the external Genitalia and what does it turn into in female and men

Answer 39

In males the urethral folds zip together In females urogential sinus partions as the urtether and the vaginal introitus Genital tubercle is Penis in male and Clitoris in women Labioscrotal folds is the labia majora and the scrotum in male Uretha folds is labia minora and the the male is penile uretha and midline raphe

Question 40

What happens to the paramesonephric ducts in female

Answer 40

Connects to the posterior aspect of the urogenital sinus and they zipper together to form a unified uterovaginal canal that becomes the uterus and proximal vagina

Question 41

What forms the vagina

Answer 41

Urogenital

Question 42

What forms double uterus and double vagina

Answer 42

The paramesonephric ducts fail to fuse together during fetal development

Question 43

What happens with the double uterus

Answer 43

Zippering didn't really happen or not early enought

Question 44

What happened with septated uterus

Answer 44

Some zippering happened medial walls didnt pull apart

Question 45

What happens with unicronate uterus

Answer 45

On persomeduct forms the other didn't

Question 46

What do crainal suprensory ligaments

Answer 46

Anchor the primitive gonad by connecting to the diaphragm Gerbernaulagm persist as the ovarian and round ligaments

Question 47

What do Folicular cells support | What do they enter

Answer 47

Oogonia growth Oogonia enter meiosis I (now called oocytes) and are arrested there by follicular cells until puberty

Question 48

What happens to the mesonoephric duct in females

Answer 48

Passively degenerates without testosterone as the metanephros develops

Question 49

What are the remnants of the mesonephric duct persist in the ovary as what

Answer 49

Epoophoron and Paroophoron, and the Fartners Cyst around the uterocervical junction

Question 50

What is the process of the SRY Gene on the Y chromsome

Answer 50

The Y chromsome expresses the gene SRY Sex chords turn into sertoli cells and secerte AMH This forces the mullerian ducts to disepear or the paremesonephric duct Turn into Leydig cells and secrete testosterone Produce testerone Mesonephric duct then persists

Question 51

What maintains the Mesonephric Duct | From which cells

Answer 51

Testosterone from Leydig cells

Question 52

What happens with the distal budding off the mesonephric duct

Answer 52

Becomes the seminal vesicles whereas the endodermal Diverticuli from Urogenital sinus from the prostate and bulbourerthral glands

Question 53

What happens with mesonephic tubulues | In males

Answer 53

Remians soild until pubery when a testosterone surge induces canalization of the ducts

Question 54

What does the gubuernamical persist as

Answer 54

Scrotal ligaments

Question 55

What is the development of the testis

Answer 55

Sertoli cells support spermatogonia growth Spermatogonia don't mature to spermtocytes until pubery Mesonephric ducts persists in persence of testosterone from Leydig cells as the metanephros develops

Question 56

What is the fate of the paramesonephric duct in males | What do the remmnants stay as

Answer 56

Sertoli cells secrete anti-Mullerian hormone that makes paramesonephric ducts rapidly regress Remnants of paramesonephric ducts persist as the appendix testies and/or prostatic utricle