1
Q
gluteal region
A
around hip
2
Q
thigh
A
hip -> stifle
3
Q
popliteal region
A
around condyles at distal aspect femur
4
Q
crus
A
stifle -> tarsus/hock
= crural region
5
Q
pes
A
metatarsals + digits
6
Q
sacrum
A
end bone of vertebral column - forms sacro-ileal joint w axial skeleton
7
Q
directions of flexion/extension HL
A
cranial angle of hip = flexion
caudal angle of stifle = flexion
rest = same as FL
8
Q
evolution of HL
A
toes -> cranially
stifle -> cranially
tibia + fibula remain parallel
9
Q
structure of pelvic girdle
== pelvis
A
2 ossa coxae (L + R) fused w cartilagenous joint @ centre, each made up 4 flat bones:
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis
4. acetabulum
10
Q
flat bones of pelvis
A
margins = compact bone
no medullary cavity - centre = spongy bone w marrow in air-filled spaces
* BM harvested in wing of ilium
11
Q
ossa coxae structure
A
gluteal surface = concave lateral surface
sacropelvic surface = medial
12
Q
sacro-iliac joint
A
S1 -> sacropelvic surface of ilium
* fibrous joint == fused
* supported by ligs from lumbar + sacral vertebrae
* transfer forces from HL -> vertebral column for propulsion
hip joint = pivotal point of HL
dog sacrum = 3 fused sacral vertebrae
13
Q
prepubic tendon
A
fills pecten concavity @ cranioventral pubis
14
Q
ischiatic arch
A
muscle attachment for repro organs
15
Q
sacrotuberous ligament
A
v strong band collagenous tiss sacrum (S3 + Cd1) -> ischiatic tuberosity
* anchorage for sutures during musc repair
1 each side
16
Q
pelvic symphysis
A
cartilage joint bet ossa coxae = small movement poss
* can ossify, esp in large animals
17
Q
obturator foramen
A
- bvs + nerves pass thru, esp obturator nerve
- covered by internal + external obturator muscs
18
Q
acetabulum
A
@ boundary ilium, pubis + ischium -> articulate w head of femur ==> hip joint
* extended by cartilage labrum
19
Q
centres of ossification pelvis
A
each bone has 1 main
* acetabular bone fuses b4 birth
* pelvic symphysis fuses last
secondary centres:
1. dorsal iliac crests
2. tuber ischium (ischiatic tuberosity)
3. ischiatic arch
20
Q
positioning pelvic girdle for radiography
A
obturator foramen symmetrical means straight
21
Q
diffs cat hip joint
A
- wings of ilium + ischium parallel as opposed diverge in dog
- larger obturator foramen
- smaller greater trochanter
- larger lesser trochanter (still smaller than greater)
22
Q
femur general
A
- long bone = has medullary cavity
- straight (humerus S-shaped)
23
Q
proximal femur structures
A
24
Q
distal femur structures
A
condyles = smooth + covered cartilage -> tibia (stifle)
intercondylar fossa = rough for attachment cruciate ligs
25
centres ossification femur
* head
* greater trochanter
* body
* distal epiphysis => condylar region prone fractures
26
patella
pyramid shaped sesamoid in trochlear groove
* smooth articular h cart covered durface
* glides proximally + distally
* embedded in tendon of insertion of quads musc (-> tibial tuberosity)
* patellar lig runs patella -> tibial tuberosity
27
fabellae sesamoids
x2 on top condyles femur @ caudal aspect in popliteal fossa
* embedded in gastrocnemius musc, 1 in each tendon of origin
28
popliteal sesamoid
embedded popliteus musc, up to x4, stabilise stifle joint
29
sesamoids of cat
* always have patella
* medial fabella often no ossified = no visible radiographs
* lateral fabella + popliteus usually present, not always
30
nerve supply HL
spinal nerves L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
* dorsal branches -> dorsal structures
* ventral branches -> lumbosacral plexus
31
peripheral nerves to HL muscs
* gluteal (cr + cd branches)
* obturator
* femoral
* sciatic -> tibial (deeper cd) + fibular/peroneal (cr)
32
hip joint
== coxo-femoral joint
== femur head -> pelvis acetabulum lunate surface
typical synovial w joint capsule around labrum + femur neck
* NO COLLATERAL LIGS
* lig of head of femur (= teres lig/round lig/ligamentum fovea) = fovea -> acet fossa
* also supported surrounding muscs
33
palpation pelvis/femur
* dorsal iliac crest (wing of ilium)
* tuber sacrale
hip joint:
* tuber coxae
* tuber ischium
* greater trochanter
triangle, shld be bilaterally symmetrical
34
HL extrinsic muscs
move limb relative to trunk but sacro-iliac joint immovable so pivotal pt hip joint + pelvis functions as part axial skeleton
* so HL extrinsic originate axial sk + pelvis
* protraction = hip flexion
* retraction = hip extension
35
location muscs add/abduction hip
abduction = lateral thigh
adduction = medial thigh
36
gluteal musc
extend + abduct hip, middle + deep rotate pelvic limb medially
3 heads:
1. **superficial**: lateral sacrum + Cd1 via sacrotuberous lig + dorsal iliac crest via gluteal fascia -> 3rd trochanter; caudal gluteal nerve
2. **middle**: gluteal surface ilium -> greater trochanter; cranial gluteal n.
3. **deep**: ilium + ischiatic spine -> greater trochanter; cr gluteal n.
37
adductors of HL
* gracilis
* adductor
* pactineus
* external obturator
== ventral to hip joint, obturator n.
38
gracilis musc
pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon -> cranial tibia border + tuber calcanei (w semitendinosus
== adduct HL, flex stifle, extend hip + hock
innerv: obturator
39
adductor musc
pubis -> medial caudal distal femur
== adduct HL + extend hip
innerv: obturator
| lies deep to gracilis, 2 bellies
40
pectineus musc
iliopubic eminence via prepubic tendon -> distal caudal medial femur
== adduct thigh
innerv: obturator
41
hip flexor muscs
== limb protraction
* tensor fascia latae
* iliopsoas
* sartorius
* rectus femoris head of quads
innerv = femoral
42
tensor fascia latae
tuber coxae + adjacent ilium, aponeurosis of middle gluteal -> lateral femoral fascia over biceps + quads
== tenses lat fem fascia, flex hip, extend stifle
innerv: cranial gluteal
| 2 heads
43
sartorius
cr part **O**: ilium crest + thoracolumbar fascia **I**: patella w rectus femoris
cd part **O**: cr ventr iliac spine + adjacent ventral border ilium
**I** tibial tuberosity w gracilis
== flex hip, cr extends stifle, cd flexes stifle
innerv: femoral
44
iliopsoas
psoas major musc (by lumbar vertebrae) fusion w iliacus on cranioventral ilium -> lesser trochanter
== flex hip
innerv: ventral branches spinal ns., femoral
45
quadriceps femoris as hip flexor
most cr head from ilium -> tibial tuberosity
== flex hip + extend stifle
innerv: femoral
46
hip extensors
== limb retractors
* biceps femoris
* semitendinosus
* semmimembranosus
innerv = sciatic n.
47
biceps femoris
sacrotuberous lig + ischiatic tuberosity ->
1. cranial border of tibia via crural fascia
2. tuber calcanei via fascia lata + patella via crural fascia
== extend hip, stifle + hock
* cd part flexes stifle
innerv: sciatic
| 2 heads
48
sacrotuberous ligament
| == broad ligament
stabilise + protect sacroiliac joint
* dorsal sacrum -> ischial tuberosity
* fan-shaped, 1 each side
* forms lateral wall pelvic cavity
* dorsal (DSL) + ventral/lateral (VSL)
| relaxes at parturition, absent in cat
49
ischiatic foramens
greater = passage gluteal nerve
lesser = sciatic nerve
--> lower limb
50
semitendinosus musc
ischiatic tuberosity -> distocranial border of tibia, medial tibia bod + tuber calcanei via crural fascia (= calcaneal tendon)
== extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock
innerv: sciatic
51
semimembranosus
ischiatic tuberosity -> distal medial lip of caudal femur + tibia medial condyle
== extend hip, cd part flexes stifle
innerv: sciatic
| lies deep to semitendinosus
52
femoral triangle
caudal boundary pectineus + adductor
cranial boundary = sartorius
* femoral neurovascular bundle (VAN) in it
* palpable pulses @ medial aspect triangle
53
structure proximal end tibia
short axis = triangular = tibial plateau/plate = smooth -> articulate w medial + lateral condyles of femur
flat side = medial, fibula attaches on lateral
intercondylar eminence/ridge = non-articular rough surface for attachment cruciate ligs bet condyles, caudally (only proximal)
54
distal end tibia structure
medial/lateral malleolus = attachment medial/lateral collateral lig of hock
55
palpation tibia/fibula
* tibial crest (tuberosity)
* medial malleolus of tibia
* lateral malleolus of fibula
56
structure of fibula
flatter end = proximal end, chunkier = distal
at proximal:
* skinnier side = caudal
* fatter = cranial
* can deduct which is medial/lateral
57
centres of ossification tibia
1. proximal end
2. tibial tuberosity
3. body
4. distal end
58
centres of ossification fibula
1. proximal end
2. body
3. distal end (lat malleolus)
59
stifle joint
femur + tibia + patella
* femoral condyles + tibial condyles laterally + medially
* bone articulation not stable so needs lots support
60
what provides stability to stifle joint
* menisci w meniscal ligaments
* collateral ligs
* cruciate ligs
* patellar lig
61
menisci
lateral + medial C-shaped cartilage attached tibial condyles
* wedge = thicker abaxial
* stabilise joint + provide cushioning
* involved proprioception bc cont nerve endings
62
meniscal ligs
1. menisco-tibial ligs (MTL) = meniscus -> intercondylar eminence so held on tibia
2. transverse lig (TL) bet cranial aspects menisci to hold together
3. menisco-femoral lig (MFL) = lat meniscus -> intercondylar fossa so held on femur
| movement occurs bet femur + menisci
63
collateral ligs of stifle
hold bones together, resist rotation + limit movement to flexion/extension
medial epicondyle femur -> tibia
lat epicond femur -> fibula + tibia
| attach abaxial aspects of menisci
64
cruciate ligs stifle
1. cranial = intercondylar eminence -> medial aspect lat condyle
2. caudal = intercondylar eminence -> intercondylar fossa
cr split craniomedial + caudolateral bands
maintain femur on menisci + resist rotation
| named for attachment to tibia
65
femoro-patellar components
patella in trochlear groove supported by med + lat trochlear ridges
patellar lig = patellar tendon from quads -> tibial tuberosity/fabella w patella embedded
* lat + med ones
then convered retinaculum (fascia) for more support + protection whole joint
66
movement patella
patella proximally prods extension
patella distally allows flexion
*no lateral movement*
67
synovial joint compartments stifle
1. femoro-patellar
2. medial femoro-tibial (incorps fabella)
3. lateral femoro-tibia (incorps fabella + tendon of origin long digital extensor)
in dog all compartments comms
68
cat stifle joint
* pointed patella
* medial fabella often not mineralised
* lat fabella + popliteal sesamoid usually visible radiograph
69
palpating stifle
* patella
* patellar lig
* tibial crest
* joint space
70
stifle extensors
* sartorius (2 heads)
* quadriceps
--> tibial tuberosity via patella + patellar lig
innerv: femoral
71
quadriceps musc
4 heads, fused distally
1. *rectus femoris* from ilium
2. *vastus lateralis* from greater trochanter
3. *vastus intermedius* from proximal craniolateral femur (deep to lat)
4.* vastus medialis *from intertrochanteric crest
--> tibial tuberosity, extend stifle
(rect fem fexes hip asw)
innerv: femoral
72
stifle flexors
caudal to stifle joint
* biceps femoris
* semitendinosus
* semimembranosus
* gastrocnemius
73
gastrocnemius musc
2 heads from med + lat epicondyles of femur -> tuber calcanei
* tendons of origin cont fabellae sesamoids
== extend tarsus + flex stifle
innerv: tibial (branch of sciatic)
74
tarsal bones
proximal row = talus + calcaneus
middle = central + IV
distal = I, II, III, IV
| all bones present in dog + pig
75
calcaneus structure
calcanean tuberosity = tuber calcanei projecting proximal
sustenaculum projects medially = passage for DDFT
76
talus structure
important bc trochlea w 2 ridges + central groove = articular onto tibia
77
palpation of tarsus
* calcanean tuberosity
* medial malleolus
* lateral malleolus
78
centres of ossification tarsal bones
all single but calcaneus has 2
79
tarsal joints
1. tarso-crural - talus -> tibia + fibula
2. proximal intertarsal - bet 1st 2 rows
3. distal intertarsal - bet central + I/II/III
4. tarso-metatarsal - bet distal row + metatarsals + intratarsals asw
80
tarsus movement
wide range flexion, mostly at tarso-crural
trochlea not vertical, allowing slight rotation so hock flexed + limb protracted = HL lat to FL
81
joint capsule tarsus
extensive from proximal bet tib + fib -> dist bet MTs
* poor comms bet compartments
82
joint support at tarsus
* collateral ligs
* plantar lig
* fibrocartilagenous reinforcement joint capsule
* retinaculum
83
collateral ligs tarsus
* *lateral*: fibula lat malleolus -> 5th MT
* *medial*: tibia med malleolus -> 2nd MT
* short bridge bone -> bone
84
plantar lig
calcaneus -> MTs
* counteracts pull on calcanean tuberosity by common calcanean tendon
85
fibrocartilagenous reinforcement tarsal joint capsule functions
* friction free surface for passage tendons
* passive maintenance of joint
86
pes
same as manus but w no stopper/carpal pad
dew claw:
* variable in dog (less common than FL)
* absent in cat
87
hock flexors
muscs run cranial/dorsal to limb
* cranial tibial
* peroneus longus
* peroneus brevis
* peroneus tertius - not in dog + cat
* long digital extensor
innerv: peroneal/fibular branch of sciatic (2 diff names)
| standing pos = extension
88
cranial tibial
lat tibial crest -> planter of base of MT I + II
== flex tarsus + rotate hindpaw laterally
innerv: peroneal
89
peroneus longus
== long fibular
tibia lat condyle -> prox planter MTs + IV tarsal bone
== flex hock + rotate paw medially
innerv: peroneal
90
peroneus brevis
== short fibular
distal 2/3 fibula + tibia (lat aspect) -> prox MT V
== flex tarsus
innerv: peroneal
| located under peroneus longus
91
long digital extensor
extensor fossa on lat dist femur -> extensor processes DP digits II - V
== digital extension + flex tarsus
innerv: peroneal
tendon of origin in stifle joint capsule for lat collateral support joint
| partially covered cr tib + peroneus longus
92
lateral digital extensor
prox lat 1/3 fibula -> digits IV, V
== extend + abduct digit IV, V
innerv: peroneal
| under peroneus longus, lateral aspect
93
common calcanean tendon
== achilles tendon inserting calcanean tuberosity, act as lever for distal limb w tendons:
1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. gracilis
for hock extension
94
digital flexors
* superficial digital flexor
* deep digital flexor (2 heads)
95
superficial digital flexor musc
popliteal surface of femur -> MP digits II-V + calcanean tuberosity (comm calc tend)
== flex stifle, extend tarsus, flex digits
innerv: tibial (branch of sciatic)
| deep to gastrocnemius
96
deep digital flexor
lat head (flexor hallucis longus) from prox tibia over sustenaculum tali ->
med head (flexor digitorum longus) from prox tib + fib over medial malleolus ->
then unite then diverge to DPs of II-V onflexor tubercle on planter surface
== flex digits + extend tarsus
innerv: tibial
| lat held by retinaculum + protected tendon sheath
97
gluteal nerve
motor only, runs over dorsal surface of bod or ilium
-> HL abductors
98
obturator nerve
motor only
thru obturator foramen then short route -> medial thigh
supplies adductors (gracilis, adductor, pectineus) + external obturator
99
femoral nerve
motor = hip flexors, stifle extensors (illiopsoas, sartorius, quads)
--> patella reflex
sensory = saphenous branch to femoral triangle for medial thigh
| does all stifle extensors so damage = no stifle extension
100
sciatic nerve
| == ischiatic n.
**mixed**, runs over dorsal of ilium, caudal to hip, deep to biceps femoris
motor = hip extensors, stifle flexors (caudal thigh muscs)
101
hamstring muscs
* biceps femoris
* semitendinosus
* semimembranosus
102
tibial nerve
motor: caudal crurals
* hock extensors = gastrocnemius
* digital flexors = superfic + deep dig flexors
sensory: caudal/planter HL
| branch of sciatic
103
fibular/peroneal nerve
motor: cranial crurals
* hock flexors (cranial tibial, peroneus)
* digital extensors (long + lat)
sensory: cranial/dorsal aspect HL + lat thigh
| branch of sciatic
104
sciatic nerve damage =?
lose supply to
* hip extensors/stifle flexors
* hock extensors/digital flexors
* hock flexors/digital extensors
lose sensation to all but medial aspect
can still:
* abduct (gluteals)
* adduct (obturator)
* protract/flex hip (femoral n.) =+ extend stifle
| due hip trauma/surgery/femoral fractures
105
blood supply HL
aorta -> external iliac artery -> femoral
-> saphenous for superficial supply to paw -> dorsal/planter common digital arts
-> popliteal -> cranial tibial for deep supply to paw -> dorsal/plantae metatarsal arts
| deep supply most important
106
venous drainage HL
deep + superficial supply following back as w FL
superficial = lateral + medial saphenous veins -> systemic circ
* dorsal lat + med anastomose @ hock
* caudal lat + med anastomose @ metatarsal level
107
lymphatic drainage HL
popliteal LN caudal to stifle
* important for meat inspection - enlarged in response infec
108
piriformis
sacrum + sacrotuberous lig -> greater trochanter
== extend + abduct hip, rotate HL medially
innerv: gluteal
109
internal obturator
symphysis pelvis + dorsal surface ischium/pubis -> trochanteric fossa of femur
== rotate HL laterally @ hip
innerv: sciatic
110
gemelli
lat ischial spine -> femur trochanteric fossa
== rotate HL laterally at hip (outward)
innerv: sciatic
111
quadratus femoris
ventral surface of caudal ischium (ventral to ischiatic tuberosity) -> intertrochanteric crest
== extend hip + rotate HL laterally (outward)
innerv: sciatic
112
external obturator
ventral surface pubis + ischium around borders obturator foramen -> trochanteric fossa
== rotate HL laterally (outward)
innerv: obturator
113
popliteus
lateral epicondyle of femur -> prox 1/3 caudal tibia
== rotate HL medially (inward) + flex stifle
innerv: tibial
| tendon of origin cont popliteal sesamoid
114
tenuissimus
== caudal crural abductor
sacrotuberous lig -> crural fascia
== flex stifle + abduct crus
innerv: ischiatic
| v weak, only in carmnis
115
caudal tibial musc
prox fibula -> medial tarsus
== tarsal extension
innerv: tibial
| small, vestigial - unimportant in carnis
116
short digital extensor
distal row tarsal bones + unites w digital extensor tendons
== digital extension
innerv: peroneal
117
coccygeus
ischiatic spine -> 2-5th coccygeal vertebrae
== tail depressor
innerv: 3rd sacral
118
levator ani
medial ilium -> 7th coccygeal vertebrae
== tail depressor + compresses rectum (to poo)
innerv: 3rd sacral + 4th coccygeal
119
external anal sphincter
skin + fascia -> perineal bod
* covers internal anal sphincter
== close rectum
innerv: sacral nerves
120
rectococcygeus
continuation of sm musc fibres of rectum -> 3rd-6th coccygeal vertebrae
== anchor for rectum + caudal traction during defaecation
innerv: autonomic fibres from pelvic plexus
121
general horse HL diffs
1. distal to tarsus same as FL w 3rd digit weightbearing + no musc
2. no abduction possible so gluteals only extend hip
3. extra origin for HL retractors (biceps, semiten, semimem) = lumbosacral fascia
122
horse pelvis structure
* wing of ilium horizontal
* tuber sacrale = medial projection -> sacroiliac joint
* tuber coxae = lat projection
* tuber ischium = caudal projection
123
palpable features pelvis horse
* tuber sacrale - difficult
* tuber coxae
* tuber ischium - deep palpation
124
horse sacroiliac joint
* horse has 5 fused sacral vertebrae (dog has 3)
* joint partially cartilagenous, part synovial = has small joint capsule
* capable v lil movement
* softens at parturition
125
horse femur proximal end
* large fovea on head for attachment of ligament of head of femur + accessory lig
* greater trochanter cr + cd parts
| greater + 3rd trochanters palpable
126
horse femur distal end
* medial trochlear ridge/lip larger than lateral w tubercle at proximal end
* trochlear groove has 2 parts to articular surface
1. vertical = gliding
2. horizontal = resting
127
accessory lig
continuation of prepubic tendon from pecten -> groove in central pubis -> under transverse lig
* supports tension due weight abdom contents in horse
| just horse, not in dog
128
why are horse HL rectractors special
rigid vertebral column + powerful HL retractors = big propulsion thru fixed sacroiliac joint => can rear, gallop, buck, kick, jump
129
hip movement horse
2 sets ligs + large musc mass => flexion + extension only
* dislocation uncommon + catastrophic
130
patella horse
* large medial projection
* extensive parapatellar cartilage, forming hook medially
* 3 femoro-patellar ligs: medial, middle, lat -> femoral epicondyles
131
other horse sesamoids
no fabellae
no popliteal
132
patellar locking mech
stifle extended = patella prox + rotated medially, engaging resting surface
* medial trochlear ridge tubercle bet middle + medial patellar ligs => joint locked (med lig hooked on tuberc)
patella moves prox then back to midline to unlock
| part of stay apparatus, allows other HL rest
133
stifle joint capsule compartments horse
1. femoro-patellar
2. lateral femoro-tibial
3. medial femoro-tibial
3 + 2 no comms
2 + 1 25% comms
3 + 1 comms in most horses
134
palpable landmarks horse
* greater trochanter
* 3rd trochanter
* lateral + medial condyles
* tibial tuberosity
* patella
* medial + lateral malleoli
135
tibia + fibula horse
fibula reduced in size + fuses 1/2 way down
* distal end fused tibia asw
136
horse tarsus
* 1st + 2nd fused
* 3rd tarsal bone as big as central
* 4th projects into middle row
137
tarsocrural pouches horse
* dorsomedial aspect
* plantarolateral aspect
* plantaromedial aspect
| palpable
138
cranial tibial musc horse
lateral condyle + tibial tuberosity -> tendon insert splits
1. 3rd MT
2. medial aspect hock (T1+2) via cunean tendon
hock flexion
landmark to locate tarso-crural joint space, medial aspect distal joints
139
peronius tertius
lat femoral condyle -> 3rd MT (w cranial tibial) AND lateral aspect tarsus
* mainly fibrous
* landmark to locate lateral aspect distal joints
== hock flexion
| horse equiv of peroneus longus + brevus in dogs/cats
140
hock extension horse
common calcanean tendon of:
* biceps femoris
* semitendinosus
* gracilis
* gastrocnemius
* soleus (only horse + cat) - tiny vestigial
* superficial digital flexor
--> calcanean tuberosity
141
calcanean bursa
calcaneus + calcanean tendon + SDFT
142
hock movement horse
stifle + hock must move together as reciprocate each other's movement
* peroneus tertius + superficial digital flexor are reciprocal
* one flexed = other flexed + same for extension
143
horse talus trochlea
angled so hock flexed = pes rotates lateral, prevent overreach injuries (where HL hits FL)
extension = pes -> midline = conc forces from stifle + hock extensor muscs => good jumping
* kick straight back w force from hip extensors, stifle extensors + hock extensors
144
palpable landmarks horse distal HL
* calcaneus
* common calcanean tendon
* metatarsal bones (cannon + splints)
* chestnut
* ergot
* malleoli
145
tendons/ligs pes horse
* SDFT attached calcaneus - no check lig
* DDFT = poorly developed check lig
* long + lat digital extensors
* suspensory lig
| long digital extensor pes = common digital extensor manus
146
stay apparatus horse HL function
to lock weight-bearing HL in extension so can rest other
* combined w stay apparatus FL
* => horse can sleep whilst standing
| resting FL = lame
147
key components horse HL stay apparatus
* patellar locking mech (patella + patellar ligs)
* hock reciprocal apparatus => prvention collapse it + stifle -> flexion
* suspensory apparatus of fetlock (= PIP) - same as FL
* MTP joint suspensory lig + distal sesamoidean ligs => prevent hyperextension
* MTP/PIP/DIP SDFT, DDFT, check + annular ligs prevent hyperextension
148
nerve supply path HL
149
horse HL nerve supply cf dog
* same nerves
* same motor supply
* diff areas cutaneous sensation tibial + peroneal
150
functions of vertebral column
* stiffen body axis for maintenance posture
* facilitate locomotion via musc attachment: flexion, extension, torsion
* enclose + protect spinal cord + accessory structures w/in central canal
* protect soft structures neck, thorax, abdom + pelvis
151
vertebral formula domestic animals
| dog, cat, pig, sheep, goat, ox, horse
all sacral are fused
152
vertebra typical structure
| irregular bones
153
articulation bet vertebrae
synovial joints of caudal articular facet sitting inside cranial of next
* variable movement depending region
154
intervertebral foramen
cranial + caudal notch form borders for spinal nerve roots out
155
intervertebral disc
1. annulus fibrosis = concentric fibrous rings (collagen) attached both vertebrae => stability
2. nucleus pulposus = central gelatinous cushion => shock absorption
| => black spaces bet vert on radiograph
156
cervical vertebrae general
* 7 in all domestics + most mammals
* most varied in shape
* C1 + 2 atypical
* C3-7 typical
157
C1
== atlas (most atypical)
* reduced body
* no spinous process
* large transverse process = wings = palpabe
-> occipital condyles of skull (atlanto-occipital joint) => up + down head movement
-> C2 caudally => rotary head movement (NO JOINT)
158
C2
== axis
* 2 bodies (dens = bod of C1)
* large palpable spinous process
-> C1 = atlanto-axial joint for lateral rotation (no flex/extend) (no joint)
159
C6+7
ventral extension of transverse process
C7 has no transverse foramen + more prominent dorsal spinous process
160
cervical spine
* mobile
* flex + extend
* lateral movement
* disc protrusion
161
transverse foramina
* vertebral nerve = symp fibres stellate ganglion -> cervical region
* vertebral artery = branch of subclavian for neck structures, vert column structs -> vert canal @ atlas -> basilar artery -> brain
162
thoracic vertebrae movement
ribs limit motion => some flex + extend
* most movement @ thoraco-lumbar junction
163
thoracic vert struct
* short bod
* large spinous process
* transverse process reduced to accomodate ribs
* cr + cd costal fovea => articulation w ribs
164
changes in thoracic vert along spine
T1-10 = caudal angle dorsal processes
T11 = anticlinal vert = process short + vertical
then cranial angulation dorsal processes
| T11 = good radiographic landmark
165
lumbar vertebrae
* longer bods
* large transverse processes for abdom musc attachment
==> flexion + extension
166
lumbar vert horse
v long => support GI tract
167
sacral vert
fused = no movement, no discs => single bone
cr part -> pelvis @ sacroiliac joint
168
caudal vertebrae
| == coccygeal vert
1st few = small lumbar w lots movement
* also haemal arches = small bones of ventral aspect to proect coccygeal artery
vert canal disappears after 5-7
v varied from 20+
169
ribs
* no. = no. thoracic vert
* dorsal bony part = costae + ventr cartilage (allows expansion in breathing) w costo-chondral junction
* each articulate proximally w 2 successive vert
* articulates ventrally w sternum via costal cartilages
170
vertebral column ligs
1. costotransverse rib tubercle -> transverse process vert
2. intercapitular bet heads of ribs on L + R
3. dorsal longitudinal attached loosely from C2 -> sacrum
4. ventral longitudinal
171
nuchal lig
continuation dorsal supraspinous lig from nuchal crest occipital bone
* elastic
* supports weight of head
1. funicular part = cord from occip
2. laminar part = fenestrated sheet along cervical vert
172
disc protrusion
most common in areas w lots movement
* cervical, lumbar, thoracolumbar junction
uncommon T1-10 due strong intercapital lig + sacral bc no discs
173
movement vertebral column
synovial joints:
* 2 cr + 2 cd articular facets per vert (cr lat + ventr to cd)
plus:
1. atlanto-occipital joint = flex + extend only due wings of C1
2. sacrum
3. coccygeal region
174
occipito-atlanto-axial complex
combo = universal joint
1. occ->at = flex + extend
2. at->ax = lat rotation (no flex/extend due dorsal spinous process of C2)
==> full range movement w/o damage to spinal cord
175
epaxial vs hypaxial muscs
epaxial = above level of transverse processes
hypaxial = below
176
thoracic wall:
skin then
1. cutaneous trunci
2. superficial fascia
3. seep fascia + muscs
4. ribs
5. endothoracic fascia
6. pleura
177
epaxial muscs
3 longitudinal musc grps:
1. **T**ransversospinalis = medial
2. **L**ongissimus = middle
3. **I**lliocostalis = lateral
=> extension vert column + lat movement
178
hypaxial muscs
* abdom wall muscs
* ventral neck muscs
==> flexion + lat movement
179
intercostal muscs
external = caudoventral fibres -> level costochondral junction
internal = cranioventral fibres -> sternum
==> for ribcage work as single functional unit for insp + exp
180
rib blood supply
intercostal vein, artery (from aorta) + nerve run together down caudal aspect ribs -> costochondral junction
* intercostal art joins w internal thoracic art
181
accessory inspirators
1. serratus ventralis
2. scalenus w 3 heads
3. rectus thoracis
4. serratus dorsalis cranialis
5. thoracolumbar fascia
-> ribs cranially + laterally
182
accessory expirator muscs
1. serratus dorsalis caudalis = thoracolumbar fascia -> ribs
2. EAO
3. transversus thoracic = on internal thorax surface -> sternum
183
inguinal canal
cont external pudendal artery + vein + genitofemoral nerve
* male = + testes, spermatic cord
* female = + vaginal process
184
blood supply to abdom
deep:
1. cr abdom art
2. cr epigastric art
3. cd epigastric art
4. deep circumflex iliac art
superficial:
* cr superficial epigastric art
* cd superficial epigastric art
NSF
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
-
Histology198
-
Membranes56
-
Embryology42
-
Proteins42
-
Nervous system76
-
carbs47
-
skeletal + smooth muscle66
-
nitrogen27
-
anatomy15
-
lipids23
-
cardiovascular343
-
Gastrointestinal499
-
forelimb302
-
urinary145
-
respiratory152
-
head374
-
cns354
-
hindlimb184
-
skin68
-
repro235
-
endocrine112
-
pharmacology115
