ANS 1 > Horses > Flashcards

Horses Flashcards

(131 cards)

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1
Q

Class

A
  • Mammalia
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2
Q

Order

A
  • Perissodactyla
  • odd-toed ungulate
  • hooved animals w/ single hoof
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3
Q

Family

A
  • Equidae
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4
Q

Genus

A
  • Equus
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5
Q

Domesticated Horse Species

A
  • Equus caballus
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6
Q

Donkey Species Name

A
  • Equus asinus
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7
Q

Domesticated Horse Chromosome Number

A
  • 64 chromosomes (32 pairs)
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8
Q

Domestication

A
  • horses evolved as a species 1M years ago on North American continent, migrated to Asia, land bridge disappeared, and became unique population on Asia because they were extinct in North America
  • 3000 BC domestication in Mongolia and or in the Middle East
  • probably had multiple domestication events around the world at the same time
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9
Q

Gunrock

A
  • part of infantry group that came to Davis
  • Gunrock was thoroughbred stallion and stud at UCD
  • sired 400+ foals
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10
Q

Stallion

A
  • male horse
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11
Q

Mare

A
  • mature female horse
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12
Q

Gelding

A
  • castrated male Equus
  • act of castration is also called gelding
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13
Q

Foal

A
  • young horse
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14
Q

Filly

A
  • young female < 3yrs
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15
Q

Colt

A
  • young male
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16
Q

Foaling

A
  • process of giving birth
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17
Q

Harem

A
  • social structure of horse herds
  • one stallion, group of mares
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18
Q

Feral Horse

A
  • wild horses like mustangs or brumbies
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19
Q

Donkeys

A
  • Equus asinus
  • 62 chromosomes
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20
Q

Jack

A
  • male donkey
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21
Q

Jenny/Jennet

A
  • female donkey
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22
Q

Mules

A
  • male donkey x female horse (jack x mare)
  • 63 chromosomes
  • infertile
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23
Q

Hinny

A
  • stallion x jenny
  • 63 chromosomes
  • sterile
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24
Q

John

A
  • male mule
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25
Molly
- female mule
26
Zebra
- Equus zebra - range of species w/ 32-46 chromosomes
27
Zebroid
- horse x zebra
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Zonkey
- male zebra x female donkey
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Zedonk
- male donkey x female zebra
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Zorse
- male horse x female zebra
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Hebra
- male horse x female zebra
32
Global Count of Horses
- 58-60M
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US Count
- 9M - these numbers don't come from Dept of Ag like they do for livestock bcs horses aren't big ag animals
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CA Count
- 2nd largest pop in US - 700,000 total - 30,000 Thoroughbreds
35
TX Count
- 1M horses - highest number of horses in US - mostly quarter horses for competition
36
FL Count
- 0.5M
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Kentucky
- mostly Thoroughbreds for racing and breeding - also brood mares (racing breeding pool heavily located here)
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Quarter Horse
- most popular breed in US - 3M+ in US - very fast over quarter of a mile
39
Thoroughbred
- 2nd most popular breed in US - origin in Europe - racing
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Economic Value
- direct: $40B/yr - indirect: $100+B
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Activities
- 40+% horses are recreational (riding, showing) - 10% for racing - 850,000 racing in US - racing generates over $1B for CA ($13B US)
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Kentucky Derby
- only for 3yo horses - male horses can't race in female races - females can race in male races
43
Thoroughbred Birthdays
- N Hem: Jan 1st - S Hem: Aug 1st - need to be able to compare ages from same time of year - a lot of effort into breeding - KY: lights on in barn full of mares in Jan - use light to manipulate breeding cycle (induce ovulation and estrus) - foals born in Feb have month's disadvantage compared to those born in Jan
44
Gestation Length
- 330 days (320-340) - if target is Jan 1st bday, need to be impregnated by Feb 1st (why lights on in barn in Jan)
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Seasonally Polyestrous Long Day Breeders
- multiple cycles starting in spring and cycling thru summer - if not cycling, they are in period of anestrous in fall and winter - opposite of sheep
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Manipulating Cycle
- Use of lights in KY to synchronize onset of cycle in long day breeder - lights in Jan/Feb so they start cycling earlier than normal - then get pregnant so they foal close to Jan 1 (but not before).
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Estrous Cycle Length
- 18-21 days
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Thoroughbred Breeding
- has to be natural breeding (or live cover), not AI - restricts breeding because famous racing stallions produce valuable foals - using natural service limits the number of these foals -- makes them rare and increases value - otherwise, AI would allow way more foals to be born
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Activities
- hunter jumper (obstacle course) - cutting (picking out cow in herd) - polo (horseback lacrosse) - harness racing (fast horse-and-cart race) - rodeo (industry; different events; question of animal rights and welfare) - used by police - used in forestry and logging
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Olympic Events
- show jumper - dressage - 3-day eventing (jumper + dressage + cross country)
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Companion Animals
- horses are 4th-most popular companion animals - can have service horse/pony
52
Menopause Research
- horses used in studying how to increase hormone levels in menopausal women - hormones in mares' urine are purified and put into pills for women
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Donkey (Equus asinus)
- 50,000 in US (and fewer mules) - 40-50M in China (used for food, medicine, and draft) - gel extract for medicine extremely valuable for Chinese economy - farmed and kept in confined areas like cattle - also used in Central/South America and E Eur (transport and draft, esp in harsh climates) - a lot of donkeys from Africa --> put clamp down on export so prices have gone up when they're exported - over 12M mules in the world
54
Horse Placenta
- diffuse placenta - placenta can exchange nutrients and gases across the whole surface of the placenta
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Stallions
- glandular penis (erect when mating) - can AI using artificial vagina to collect semen - can also use teaser mare in heat and have stallion mount her, then collect semen - phantom: stallion can be trained to mount that and then collect semen (safer for mare, stallion, worker)
56
Horse Semen
- difficult to preserve and freeze, unlike bull and ram semen - horse semen usually shipped fresh after inspection (with some ingredients added to dilute and preserve the semen)
57
Primary Feedstuff
- forage (plant material) - hay is convenient for us, but natural grass and plant material if on pasture - supplements, concentrates, minerals - differing fat, protein, DM, and energy content
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Teeth
- no soft palette on top jaw - horse teeth number can vary - mares typically don't have canines - could have weird wolf teeth
59
Dental Formula
- 3/3, 1/1, 3(4)/3, 3/3 - 1/1 = single canine (mostly only in males) - 3(4) is where there might be extra pre-molar wolf-tooth - total number of teeth varies btwn 36-44
60
Dentition (Aging with Teeth)
- first pair of incisors erupts at 2.5 years, 2nd at 3.5, 3rd at 4.5-5 - canines erupt at 3.5-5 yrs? - full mouth at 5 yrs
61
Galvaynes Groove
- groove in teeth appears at 10 yrs, halfway down by 15, grows down all the way at 20 yrs, disappears at 30 yrs - used to age horses
62
Cups
- depression in top of teeth - present in young horse - as teeth wear, cups disappear because they are worn down
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Angle of Teeth
- more sloped with age, younger horses more vertical
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"Floating" Horse Teeth
- filing teeth, esp premolars and molars, to prevent sharp edges - might have wolf teeth that need to be removed - if teeth are sharp, can cause ulcers/abscesses and hurt cheeks --> horse won't eat --> horse dies
65
Stomach
- monogastric (no rumen/not ruminant animal) - hind-gut fermenter (like rabbit) - stomach is acidic and breaks down some food - stomach is relatively small
66
Small Intestine
- enzymes secreted from pancreas and gall bladder break down lipids (lipases), proteins (proteases), and amylases (starch) - enzymes to break down sugars (except structural carbs like cellulose and hemicellulose) - food molecules able to be broken down are absorbed through the small intestine - food moves thru at 1 ft/hr
67
Large Intestine
- has cecum - extracts water - waste exits as poop
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Cecum
- has microbes (hind-gut fermenters) - horses can ferment plant material, just not as well as cows or sheep - microbes create VFAs and gas (horses produce methane, CO2) - horses can use VFAs, just there's not as high a concentration of these produced - need to be careful about sufficient protein in diet because they're not getting microbial protein, since microbes are in cecum and not the stomach - cecum not as fluid-filled as cow rumen
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See Horse Notes
- horse arena lecture notes on Canvas
70
Uterus
- bicornuate, like sheep and cattle
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Jan 1st Bday
- allows horses to be oldest possible in racing
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Homeostasis
- balanced energy needs - neutral conditions/maintaining neutral state - maintenance energy requirements include energy requirements for homeostasis
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Small Intestine
- 3 sections - 20 m (60 ft)
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Cecum
- junction btwn small and large intestine - neutral to high pH - digestion of plant material (cellulose, hemicellulose) - 1.2 m long - 25-30 L - fermentation thru microbial digestion - release of VFAs - lactic acid production
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Large Intestine
- absorption of water
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Horse Manure
- relatively dry - particles of plant material because it hasn't been digested to completion
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Coprophagia
- horses eating their own feces - to get leftover nutrients and microbial nutrients - addresses nutrient deficiencies - microbes might produce vitamins that the horse needs - common in hind-gut fermenters
78
Human Modifications to Horse Digestion
- horses would generally be grazing throughout the day on pasture, minute by minute - humans have messed w/ feeding frequency - we often introduce challenges and problems based on how frequently we feed them - need to meet nutrient requirements of horses
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Textbook
- has broad breakdowns in terms of amounts of concentrate/grain and forage/hay needed - but feed depends on: - weight - variety/energy concentration/nutrient composition of specific feedstuffs - animal activity levels that req different amounts of energy
80
"All-Purpose Formulation" or "Maintenance Formulation"
- more nutritive detail, but "all-purpose" is a loose term - might not be for a racehorse, but fine for regular horse
81
National Research Council Tables
- nutrition requirement encyclopedia for all animals - highlights that energy reqs vary based on activity - also consider Ca and P (vitamins and minerals) to determine supplements needed - goes into life stages of animals (lactating mares need more energy, etc.)
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Megacalorie
- 1,000,000x
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Walking
- 0.2 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
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Slow Trot
- 2.3 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
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Fast Trot - Slow Canter
- 5.7 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
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Canter - Full Gallop
- 10.5 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
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Strenuous Activity (Racing, Reining)
- 17.7 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
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Adjusting Energy Given to Animal
- through amount fed and energy density of the food - look at DM
89
Energy Density
- different parts of DM have different amounts of energy - fat: 8.8 kcal/g - proteins and carbs: 4.1 kcal/g - knowing energy density and DM content of different foods, can use NRC tables to calculate how much to feed
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Gross Energy
- energy that is consumed - digestible energy - fecal energy
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Fecal Energy
- energy lost in feces - body doesn't extract every last calorie available
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Digestible Energy
- what body retained - metabolizable energy (ME) - urinary energy
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Urinary Energy
- energy lost in urine
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Metabolizable Energy (ME)
- different cell and body functions - net energy - heat increment
95
Heat Increment
- energy lost as heat
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Net Energy
- energy available for body to use - production - pregnancy, lactation - maintenance
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Energy Variability
- high variability between different flakes of hay and scoops of concentrate - get scales, weigh hay, account for DM
98
Soaking Wheat and Hay
- removes some of the sugars (important for diabetic horses) - could improve digestibility
99
Colic
- grouping of different types of GI upsets that can be deadly and expensive
100
Colic Symptoms
- horse might be pawing at its side (cecum having issue) - rolling unusually - sweating - failed to defecate - groaning
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Idiopathic Colic
- not clear what is going on - might resolve itself in a good case
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Impaction Colic
- might be due to sand - if floor is sandy, then as they eat hay, sand is accumulating in them - blockage of sand and dirt
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Gas Colic
- due to fermentation, excessive gas buildup - kind of like bloat
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Strangulation
- gut becomes twisted
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Horse Behavior
- needs to be understood and observed - humans chuck in some hay, leave, come back, chuck some more hay in - very different from constant intake on pasture
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Reduction of Colic
- constant intake and movement - digestive issues can lead to foot issues
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Horse Hoof
- very sensitive to metabolic imbalance (in body energy conversion), body pH, and overall state of inflammation in the body - colic and poor diet might cause acidic pH and environment in the body (acidosis)
108
Fingernails and Hooves
- keratin and hair make up fingernails - tissue under nails and hooves is very sensitive
109
Lamina Tissue
- sensitive tissue under nails and hooves - very high blood supply = very sensitive near the hooves
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Laminitis (Founder)
- hoof is inflamed and hoof wall separates from coffin bone - coffin bone goes down to sole, so hoof wall separating is extremely painful - blood supply to hoof can be interrupted - caused by inflammation - takes a long time to recover from
111
Coronet Band
- at the top of the hoof - where the hoof grows down like nails - hoof grows by 1 cm/month - takes 1 yr to grow out 12 cm
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Ideal Cecum
- high pH (>= 7) - production of lactic acid - production of VFAs
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Acidosis
- low pH (<= 7) in the rumen
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Horse Genetics
- different genes regulate coat color in horses
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Human DNA
- 3B base pairs - 23 chromosome pairs in humans - 25,000 genes on human chromosome - can also have genetic recombination and multifactorial genetic traits
116
Genes
- sequence of nucleotides coding for proteins
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Proteins
- enzymes (lactase, protease, lipase) - proteins that move melanin, a pigment in the skin
118
Melanocytes
- cells that make melanin
119
Base Coat Colar
- black (eumelanin) - red (pheomelanin)
120
Extension Gene
- the melanocortin 1 receptor - E or e - simple dominance - E: black (dominant) - e: red (recessive)
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Agouti Gene
- modifier that changes distribution - determines if non-chestnut horse is black or bay - simple dominance - A: (dominant) = a: (recessive)
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Black Horse (Black)
- EEaa or Eeaa - homozygous dominant or heterozygous for extension gene - homozygous recessive for agouti gene
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Bay Horse
- EEAA, EEAa, EaAA, EaAa - homozygous dominant or heterozygous for extension gene - homozygous dominant or heterozygous for agouti gene
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Chestnut (Red)
- eeAA, eeAa, eeaa - homozygous recessive for extension gene - doesn’t matter what agouti gene is; that horse is red
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Morgans
- one of the few true American horse breeds
126
Justin Morgan
- single horse in 1789 who could outrun and outpull other horses and was prepotent - started Morgan breed
127
Prepotent
- all offspring similar to sire - Justin Morgan
128
Modern Horse
- evolved 6M years ago - originated in N. America then crossed to Asia and stuck there after land-bridge disconnected - populated Europe and Asia - domesticated in Mongolia and Asia (3000 BC) - first signs of domestication – excavated with chariots, found horse skeletons with them - evidence that those horses, premolars had grooves in their teeth – something in their mouth to help control it for a chariot - must have been a “bit
129
Przewalksi Horse
- 66 chromosomes - separate species that has evolved by domestication - Mongolia has the last few examples of this horse
130
Population and Popularity
- very popular thru 1700s - declined in number bcs not used for transportation, draft needs reduced by tractors - horses used in wars in 1900s
131
Lifespan
- 25-30 yrs - oldest in history is 62 yrs
ANS 1
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