ANS 1 > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

(99 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Class

A
  • Aves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Order

A
  • Galliformes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Family

A
  • Phasianidae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chicken Genus

A
  • Gallus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chicken Species

A
  • Gallus gallus
  • Gallus gallus domesticus = subspecies
  • modern chicken –> thru intensive selection of breeding of chickens in last century
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chicken Chromosomes

A
  • 78
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Turkey Genus

A
  • Meleagris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Turkey Species

A
  • Meleagris gallopavo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Turkey Chromosomes

A
  • 82
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscovy Duck Genus

A
  • Cairina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Muscovy Duck Species

A
  • Cairina moschata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscovy Duck Chromosomes

A
  • 80
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Global Distribution

A
  • 19B poultry worldwide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chicken Stats - US

A
  • 9B broilers/yr
  • broiler = meat chicken
  • 100B eggs/yr
  • consume 100 lbs poultry/yr
  • consume 300 eggs/yr/capita
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Turkey Stats - US

A
  • 238M
  • 50% of world’s production - mostly for Thanksgiving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Duck Stats - Worldwide

A
  • 28M worldwide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

US Broiler Chickens

A
  • concentrated in Midwest and SE (by the coast in open-sided houses)
  • where the feed (grains) is, climate, concentration of processing plants in those areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

US Egg Production

A
  • spread out homogeneously
  • eggs are more fragile, perishable
  • produce eggs locally where consumer is located
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Domestication

A
  • red jungle fowl in 1500 BC in Asia
  • turkeys native to N America
  • domesticated by Native Americans in 200 BC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dentition

A
  • no teeth
  • chicken have genes that could make teeth, but only make teeth with genetic manipulation
  • naturally omnivorous, but on herbivorous feed in production systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Digestion

A
  • beak → esophagus → crop → proventriculus → gizzard → small intestine → ceca → large intestine → cloaca → vent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Crop

A
  • enlargement of esophagus filled w/ digestive secretions that allows for storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Crop Milk

A
  • some birds (especially pigeons) have enlargement, produce secretions, mix it w/ foods, and feed back to offspring
  • looks like milk, but not really milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Proventriculus

A
  • acidic
  • contains different enzymes
  • mixes food w/ acidic environment to break down carbs of grains to simple molecules that travel to rest of GI tract
  • site of chemical digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gizzard
- mechanical digestion - accumulation of grit, gravel, shell material (that may be provided to birds) - blender -- mechanical agitation breaks down digester further
26
Small Intestine (DJI Sections)
- duodenum (mostly this in poultry), jejunum, ileum - small intestine less long in poultry because a lot of digestion has already occurred
27
2 Cecums/Ceca
- junction of small and large intestine - microbes - birds on low-fiber diet, so ceca fairly small (smaller than chickens on forage diet bcs microbes have less of a job breaking down fibrous material in low-fiber diet) - microbes can be source of vitamins
28
Large Intestine
- relatively short - not distinguishable sections (rectum and colon) like other animals have - small large intestine --> not as much water absorption
29
Cloaca
- shared region between urinary system, digestive tract, and reproductive tract
30
Vent
- cloaca opens into vent - green coloration of feces: digester - white coloration: urine (in the form of uric acid) - urine high in nitrogen, and uric acid captures that nitrogen and turns white
31
Chick
- young chicken
32
Pullet
- young females up until sexual maturity or point of lay
33
Point of Lay
- time that pullet lays eggs and is sexually competent - 16 weeks of age (4-5 mo)
34
Hen
- mature layer
35
Broilers
- reach market weight by 6-8 weeks - broilers can be pullets or cockerels - less than 16 weeks, before point of lay
36
Typical Hen
- ovulates once daily (1 egg laid per day) - lays 300 eggs/yr - tend not to lay as much during winter
37
Ovulation (Daily)
- ovum released from ovary into infundibulum - yolk release in infundibulum - magnum - isthmus - uterus thru shell gland - lay after 23 hours - incubate - hens don't have estrous cycle (they don't have to carry pregnancy; estrous cycle follows follicle development)
38
Ovaries
- 1 ovary (left) - 1 uterus - 1 oviduct - uterine horn developed
39
Infundibulum
- site of fertilization if cock present - site of yolk release - yolk sits in infundibulum for 15-17 mins - ovum surrounded by vitelline membrane - xanthophyll - double-yolked egg possible
40
Vitelline Membrane
- blood spots in eggs - burst blood vessel in infundibulum during yolk production - not dangerous - selected out during egg production for consumers' sake
41
Xanthophyll
- pigment in infundibulum - fat-soluble pigment that accumulates in yolk - can feed marigold extracts to make yolk more orange
42
Double-Yolked Egg
- yolk stays in body cavity of infundibulum until next day, then second yolk joins first one and they travel down together - double-yolked egg = 2-day egg
43
Magnum
- egg spends 3 hrs to travel 30 cm - deposition of albumen (egg white) - albumin rich in protein and water -- cushion inside the egg
44
Isthmus
- surrounding egg w/ eggshell membranes
45
Shell Gland
- how egg enters uterus - where egg spends majority of formation time depositing eggshell - 20 hrs out of 23 used in eggshell formation - eggshell rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - calcium comes from hen's bones, which can regenerate calcium later
46
Ca Homeostasis
- critical for maintaining Ca levels in the body - calcium deposited in shell comes from hen's bones and a bit from diet - lost Ca needs to be regenerated
47
Protoporphyrin
- creates brown pigment - "heme" - part of coloring for blood
48
Biliverdin Pigment
- mutation that only appeared 500 yrs ago when virus entered chicken and mutated gene - produces blue eggs
49
Egg Porosity
- 5-10,000 pores for gas exchange - chickens don't have placenta, but eggs have all the same characteristics, just externally
50
Lay
- after 23 hrs - ovulation event 30 mins later - by 3pm (longest part of day) or next day
51
Incubate
- chickens: 21 days at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C) - turkeys: 28 days at 99 degrees F
52
Yolk
- nutrition of developing embryo - source of antibodies
53
Antibodies
- collection of immunoglobulin proteins - mammals: IgG, IgA, IgM - chickens: IgY
54
Males
- inseminate female and deposit semen in cloaca - chicken body temp is 106.5 degrees F - robust sperm - sperm can survive 10 days in reproductive tract - sperm stays in infundibulum and fertilizes multiple eggs over time - male puberty: 4-5 mo old
55
Clutch
- hen may lay clutch of 10 eggs that she'll brood - sit down and incubate eggs
56
Capon
- castrated male - chicken meat that is fattier --> delicacy - not common because castration is slow and expensive, and testes are internal
57
Artificial Insemination
- not practical, since penis is w/in cloaca - commercial production of chicken might use AI with breeding stock and send out progeny
58
Vent Sexing
- standard - day old chicks - need to decide which are female, which are males to be euthanized - want more effective egg sexing technique before hatching to avoid euthanasia
59
Feather Sexing
- genetic line that has slow growth of feathers that distinguishes M/F
60
Coloration/Markings
- might have different colors based on sex
61
In Ovo Sexing
- genotype tiny bit of DNA from egg and find sex chromosomes - used in Europe - being promoted in industry, probably become mainstream in a few yrs
62
Commercial Hatcheries
- hatch all of the eggs laid in breeding facilities - 21 days in hatchery: incubating egg, turning it, monitoring it - day-old chicks shipped out to rearing facilities
63
Broilers
- classified on bodyweight - avg retail chicken reaches target weight of 5 lbs after 40-50 d (used to take 2x this long to reach this bodyweight)
64
Benefits of Faster-Growing Bird
- less feed = more sustainable - more product for same amount of feed - can raise 2x chicks over same amount of time - higher dressing percentage - why poultry has become more popular globally
65
Feed Conversion Ratio: Broilers
- 1.5-2 lbs of feed to gain 1 lb of bodyweight in birds
66
Chicken Dressing Percentage
- (carcass weight)/(live weight) - 78%
67
Turkey Dressing Percentage
- 83%
68
Broiler Sheds
- 40,000+ birds - biosecurity, temp reg, ventilation, space, feed distribution and water, bedding, stress, handling
69
Biosecurity
- challenge w/ avian influenza
70
Temperature
- 72 degrees F - adjust based on growth state - younger birds more sensitive
71
Ventilation
- chicken urine part of manure (uric acid) is high in nitrogen --> ammonia gas
72
Space
- 1 sq ft of space per adult bird - overcrowding --> injury, aggression - no enrichment, but healthy social interactions
73
Feed Distribution and Water
- high stocking density -- need access to feed and water - feeder spacing (fed in troughs/circular feeders) - can calculate number of cm needed per animal for feeding - feeder spacing might increase with age
74
Bedding
- litter (organic material - shavings, rice hulls, wood chips, etc., depending on geographic location) - change bedding after harvesting broilers - litter becomes commodity sold back to farms as fertilizer
75
Stress
- extremely negative for bird wellbeing and product quality - need calm, timely handling
76
Handling
- reduce injury - used to be badly done, but now there's more oversight, lower injury rate - manual catching reqs human labor - mechanical harvesting: machines w/ rubber fingers put birds onto conveyor belts
77
Pullets Raised for Laying
- point of lay at 16 weeks - peak lay at 29 weeks - ovulation somewhat seasonal (max rate of egg production as photoperiod incr - 1 egg/day) - as days get shorter, rate of lay decreases and production drops off significantly
78
Induce Molt
- for reproductive tract to regenerate - coincide w/ shorter days - manipulate photoperiod (barns full of lights --> max egg production) - induce molt w/ feed restriction and/or reduced lighting - decr egg production, allowing for regeneration of reproductive tract and greater egg yield over time
79
Housing and Management of Broilers
- temp, air quality, space, ammonia, humidity
80
Chicken Broiler Facilities
- multiple sheds, esp on E Coast near Delaware - day old chicks all brought in at once - 6 broods/yr - all in/all out apprach - clean up facilities after each round/harvest
81
Turkey Shed
- longer growth period - 2-3 broods/yr - all in/all out approach - clean up after each round/harvest
82
Processing Considerations
- slaughter must be humane (consumer preference/feedback) - immediacy of euthanasia - harvested from sheds at night to reduce stress - immediately taken to processing plants and euthanized - billions processed each year
83
Pullets
- point of lay: 16 weeks - 80 week egg-laying lifespan - photoperiod regulates rate of lay - induced molt used to be forced by feed restriction/starvation --> now less common bcs it puts bird in state of stress - now, induce molt by manipulating nutrients and adjusting photoperiod - induced molt regenerates reproductive tract and incr egg quality that would otherwise decr as hens aged - rate of egg laying might decline w/ age
84
Traditional Housing
- stacked cage system - multiple birds housed w/in one battery (wire) cage - benefits: - can monitor all birds close up, efficient collection of eggs, high stocking density
85
Prop 2 (CA)
- first ruling where CA public said they wanted to ensure layers could spread their wings - more space than traditional battery cage
86
Prop 12 (CA)
- no cages for egg-laying birds after 2022 - also specified that eggs coming into CA had to be produced w/ that stipulation - led to incr in egg price - one of the best examples of public influence on animal raising
87
True Antibiotic Use
- like penicillin - extensively used in human medicine - used to be used as blanket meds for broilers especially (birds grow better) - now all animal industries minimally use antibiotics to limit antibiotic resistance - objective is not to use them at all (sign of good management and welfare) - if used, must have withdrawal period so antibiotics are gone from animals' symptoms and won't transfer to humans, thereby reducing efficacy of antibiotics
88
Coccidiosis
- protozoal disease - protozoa infect gut cells of bird and cysts in bird feces that are eggs - intensively-housed birds might peck at those feces and get coccidiosis
89
Coccidiostats
- specifically targeted at coccidiosis - used as feed additive - preventative medicine
90
Vaccinations
- day old chicks vaccinated at hatchery - vaccine applied as little spot on baby chicks - when they peck at each other, they ingest it from their friends (quick way of vaccination)
91
Influenza Viruses
- highly problematic and common in wild and managed birds - HPAI - can be vaccinated against
92
Newcastle Disease
- have been a few outbreaks in CA - entire flocks have to be culled (using CO2) - can be spread quickly thru wild birds - highly pathogenic - transmitted thru backyard cockfighting - clamped down on cockfighting to reduce disease incidence - can be vaccinated against
93
Marrick's Disease
- can be vaccinated against
94
Monopolization of Broiler Industry
- 70% of broiler meats produced comes from 10 companies - these companies own all different parts of production pipeline: - chicks in hatchery, feed supply (pricing, transport, etc.), water, slaughterhouse (oversee harvesting and packaging - Purdue and Foster Farms), labor (the company's vets, trade-qualified ppl who can follow strict biosecurity programs) - very efficient (economically and production-wise)
95
Vertical Integration
- grower sheds - company outsources growth of birds to independent operators - family farms are contractors to company - company owns chicks, but family farms have more real estate and potential for individual supervision
96
Disadvantages of Vertical Integration System
- creates monopoly - lack of competition means some individual farms may be unable to participate - monopolies inflate consumer prices
97
Alternatives to Vertical Integration System
- free-range ops: taken off in CA; expand open space so birds can spread out further - cage-free ops: in CA; still sheds, but birds on ground and perches instead of cages; egg collection done manually
98
Feed Conversion
- for broilers: 1.5-2.0 - carcass has high dressing percentage
99
Byproducts
- fertilizer - feather meal -- potentially fed to other animals, including ruminants
ANS 1
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions