ANS 1 > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Class

A
  • Mammalia
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2
Q

Order

A
  • Artiodactyla
  • even-toed hooves
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3
Q

Family

A
  • Suidae
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4
Q

Genus

A
  • Sus
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5
Q

Domesticated Pig

A
  • Sus scrofa
  • subspecies called Sus scrofa domesticus
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6
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • 38 chromosomes
  • 19 pair
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7
Q

Domestication

A
  • early on, around time of sheep domestication
  • 8000 BC
  • separate domestication in E Asia and the Middle East (?)
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8
Q

Global Number

A
  • 1B
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9
Q

China

A
  • majority of pigs - 460M
  • China lost half of its pigs to African swine fever
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10
Q

US Number

A
  • 60-70 M pigs
  • avg 66M pigs
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11
Q

Annual US Production

A
  • 115M pigs
  • short generation time of pigs
  • at any given time, 60M pigs, but there are animals sent to market
  • dynamic; numbers change rapidly, unlike cattle which take years to grow up and get into production
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12
Q

Other Countries

A
  • Brazil: 40+M pigs
  • Germany/Europe: 27M
  • Russia: 17M pigs
  • most countries have their own pork production that is consumed domestically usually
  • export of pork is less common
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13
Q

US Regions of Pork Production

A
  • Midwest because corn and soy is grown there, which is the main protein/food source for pigs
  • Iowa: 20M pigs
  • NC: 10M
  • Minnesota: 8M
  • Illinois: 5M
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14
Q

Pig Farm Consolidation in US

A
  • 60-70% of pigs are from 5000+ hog herd farms
  • economy of scale
  • pig farms are getting bigger and more large-scale
  • pigs raised in barns bcs bad at temp regulation
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15
Q

Boar

A
  • male uncastrated pig
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16
Q

Sow

A
  • mature female
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17
Q

Barrow

A
  • castrated male
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18
Q

Hog

A
  • market pig above 50 kg
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19
Q

Gilt

A
  • young female before first birth
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20
Q

Piglet

A
  • young, milk-fed pig
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21
Q

Farrowing

A
  • giving birth
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22
Q

Social Structure

A
  • group or sounder
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23
Q

Dental Formula

A
  • 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
  • pigs are omnivores
  • premolars might be really sharp
  • break baby needle teeth to avoid them chewing on each other’s tails and from shredding teats
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24
Q

GI Tract

A
  • true monogastric
  • nutrient absorption in small intestine
  • water absorption in large intestine
  • coiled colon
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25
Pork
- red meat - low levels of myoglobin, which binds oxygen, so meat looks paler - sold as white meat to compete with poultry industry
26
Female Puberty
- 5-7 mo - 100 kg
27
Estrous Cycle
- 21 days - polyestrous
28
Uterus
- bicornuate uterus - extra long uterine horns because whole litter needs room to sit inside the uterus
29
Placenta
- diffuse, like mares
30
PG 600
- hormone injection - gonadotropin that releases FSH and LH to initiate onset of follicle formation in the ovary - can induce ovary to start cycling - used to synchronize sow heat cycles
31
Lutalyze
- injection that lyses the corpus luteum from being functional at certain time - resets estrous cycle and has them all resynchronize to get ovulation at the same time
32
Matrix
- ingested like oral contraceptive - mimics progesterone - suppresses ovulation while eating it; when they stop, they start ovulating several days later
33
AI Success
- if she's in heat 21 days after insemination, she didn't get pregnant - if pregnant, do ultrasound 30-60 days after breeding
34
Boar Penis
- fibrous; sigmoid flexure like boar and ram to extend penis - corkscrew penis that locks into cervix of female for prolonged ejaculation
35
Ejaculation
- 5-15 mins - 150-300 mL ejaculate - 30-60B spermatozoa per ejaculate - need large volume of ejaculate to make it up uterine horn
36
Testes
- 750 g - external because pigs are bad at temperature regulation - need to keep testes cool - cool blood flows through because heating of spermatozoa can damage/kill it
37
AI Method
- most pigs in US bred by AI - boars hump something like stallions' phantom - you stimulate the boar and then collect ejaculate for 5-15 mins in a container - inspect sperm morphology, motility, life, etc., once collected - put into aliquot tube to deliver into catheter that locks into cervix - semen is fresh and cooled for optimal viability - 1 boar per 20 females in natural service - 1 boar per 50 females in AI - keep boars on farm to collect semen and detect heat
38
Generation Interval
- short - gilt bred by 6 mo - 114 day pregnancy - generation interval of 10-11 mo
39
Genetic Gain
- when you select individuals for genetic advantage, shorter generation interval means increased genetic gains - can select best ones out of F1 generation - faster in swine than in cattle
40
Lactation Period
- 21 days - lactational anestrus (does not ovulate until weaned)
41
Litters
- 2.2/yr - allows you to market more pigs per year - greater ability to realize genetic gain - operational efficiency
42
Farrowing
- 18-21 piglets - 12-14 teats, so might need to cross-foster for colostrum delivery - injection of oxytocin for muscle contraction of myometrium - oxytocin is the "quick birth hormone"
43
Myometrium
- muscular layer of the uterus involved in contractions
44
Farrowing Crates
- sometimes stalls for a bit more freedom - with more sow maneuverability, greater risk of pig mortality
45
Heritability (H^2)
- (variance in genotype) / (variance in phenotype) - fraction or proportion btwn 0-1 - how much of phenotypic variance is genetic vs. environmental - high heritability means next generation will likely have same trait - lowest heritability = litter survival to weaning (5%) - high heritability = backfat thickness (40%)
46
Backfat Thickness
- 40% (high) heritability - quantitative trait - thickness of fat under skin and btwn skin and muscle layer across back/top of ribs - use ultrasound to measure in live animals - measure thickness in carcass and backtrack to the sire or dam of that pig and breed more of those offspring
47
Litter Size
- can select for more offspring - quantitative trait
48
Growth Rate
- measure thru dorsus longissimus muscle (loin muscle) - loin muscle tends to be long and skinny - loin eye area = cross section of loin muscle - larger loin eye area = expect all muscle groups of that animal to be larger - want max growth rate --> max feed efficiency --> max feed conversion ratio (amt fed/amt gain)
49
Feed Conversion Ratio of Pigs
- 5 kg of feed = 1 kg of meat
50
Terminal Sire
- permanently ending that genetic combo - the offspring of a terminal sire go straight to market; no further breeding of F1 gen because the heterozygous genotype would lose the purity of the breed - keep up pure genetic lines for breeding, just like with dairy - Duroc boar is terminal sire for market pigs
51
Heterosis
- hybrid vigor
52
Undesirable Traits
- too much fatness (leads to less energy for growth, incr dystocia, infrequent estrous cycle - HAL (halothane) gene)
53
Halothane (HAL) Gene
- this one boar had really fast-growing piglets, so used to breed a lot - piglets had porcine stress syndrome (PSS) -- seizing, convulsing, flushed - had been selecting for animals w/ mutation in ryanodine receptor gene, so muscles didn't function properly under stress - animals would have pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat -- carcasses of no use - mutation of allele spread throughout swine population - exposed pigs to halothane (anesthetic gas) - pigs w/ stress response of convulsions had PSS and the HAL gene (looked at phenotype to determine genotype) - PSS is recessive-inherited
54
Piglet Processing
- clip tail - iron dextran injection for immunity - clip needle teeth (avoid teat damage) - castrating to avoid boar taint from hormones - ear notching (1, 3, 9, 27, 81 - to cover whole scale) - may administer antibiotics, especially for scours, but not very common; might vaccinate
55
Scours
- diarrhea - might use antibiotics preventatively, but less common - use antibiotics less to avoid drug resistance increasing in bacteria/virus pops - animal industry using antibiotics impacts human population - might vaccinate for scours instead
56
Nursing
- piglets nursed hourly - sows synch feeding behavior - sows lay down, grunt - piglets stimulate teats --> release oxytocin --> milk letdown - different feeding from dairy calves, who are separated from their mother and nursed w/ a bottle
57
Creep Feed
- supplemental solid food to get piglets' digestive system enhanced so once weaned (18-21 days old), they can eat solid food in nursery - weaning is one of the most stressful periods for young animal (separated from mother, weaned off milk) - greater chance of disease, drop in growth with weaning - minimize stress in transition w/ creep feed
58
Number of Pigs Weaned Per Litter
- can select for greater live litter sizes, but also need to select for sows who wean most of the piglets produced - mothering ability (if poor, less milk production) - preweaning causes of death: sows crushing piglets (minimized by farrowing crates), poor temp regulation (use heat lamps)
59
Nursery
- 8 weeks spent in nursery (until 11 weeks old) - enrichment (to avoid fighting among group-housed littermates --> more fighting = less growth) - optimize feed for growth
60
Piglet Feed
- muscle growth requires protein to build myosin and actin - need amino acids (soy, corn), especially lysine - high-protein diet - need Ca and P for bone growth - need energy (ad libitum supply of feed)
61
Growing and Finishing
- next 3-4 mo after nursery - to make animal meet market reqs - just enough fat for taste (optimize fat ratio w/ diet) - ad libitum feed, but not excess fat - feeding diet that has 3300 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy
62
Aflatoxins
- can contaminate feed if feed gets wet and pathogens populate it - these toxins decrease growth, can lead to abortions
63
Pig Market Weight
- 110 kg (220-250 lbs) - 66% dressing percentage
64
Dressing Percentage
- how much of its overall body weight is the carcass = body less the viscera (digestive and reproductive system) and extremities - (carcass)/(live weight) = dressing percentage - live weight of animal can differ - gut fill – food in the stomach - water (body) – amount of water in body - rumen in ruminant can take so much fluid – big change
65
Housing - Enclosed Structures
- lot of pigs are raised in Midwest in enclosed structures - for climate control (because pigs are bad at temp reg) - biosecurity (shower in, shower out -- why African swine fever didn't get into US)
66
Farrow to Finish Operation
- sows to nursery to finishing
67
Farrowing in One Farm to Nursery in Another Farm to Finishing in Another Farm
- breaking up lifecycle allows amplification - nucleus herds (breeding farms) --> piglets --> sent to different ops - becoming a bit more common - allows genetic gain and limits disease spread
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