IMM Exam 1 > Host Barriers > Flashcards

Host Barriers Flashcards

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1
Q

skin

A
  • physical/mechanical barrier
  • chemical agents
  • normal flora
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2
Q

physical/mechanical barrier

A
  • closely connected cells called keratinocytes with cross-linked keratin
  • high turn over rate
  • prevents evaporation
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3
Q

antimicrobial agents of the skin

A
  • cathelicidins
  • defenses
  • dermicidin
  • propionic acid
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4
Q

pH of the skin

A
  • acidic pH

- create an environment where bad bacteria don’t want to live

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5
Q

normal flora

A
  • commensals
  • bacteria in the epidermis that do no harm
  • and in some cases possibly benefit
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6
Q

Langerhans cells location

A
  • dendritic cells located among keratinocytes
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7
Q

Langerhans cells origin

A
  • derived from the bone marrow
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8
Q

Langerhans cells function

A
  • function as antigen presenting cells in immune responses to contact antigens (like skin allergies) and some skin grafts
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9
Q

what do Langerhans cells contain?

A
  • contain birbeck granules
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10
Q

organization of mucous membranes

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscular externa
  • external layer
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11
Q

mucosa composed of

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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12
Q

lamina propria

A
  • loose connective tissue with glands
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13
Q

muscularis mucosae

A
  • smooth muscle
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14
Q

submucosa

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
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15
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • inner smooth muscle

- outer smooth muscle

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16
Q

external layer

A
  • adventitia

- serosa

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17
Q

adventitia

A
  • loose connective tissue
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18
Q

serosa

A
  • loose connective tissue

- mesothelial lining from peritoneum

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19
Q

intercellular junctions

A
  • tight junction
  • zonula adherens
  • desmosome
  • gap junction
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20
Q

desmosome composed of

A
  • desmoplakins

- plakoglobins

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21
Q

tight junction type of junction

A
  • an occludens junction
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22
Q

tight junction composed of

A
  • Claudins
  • occludins (protein)
  • Claude sounds like the name of someone who is uptight
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23
Q

tight junction function

A
  • prevents leaking between cells

- prevents movement of membrane proteins

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24
Q

zonula adherens type of junction

A
  • adherens junction
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25
zonula adherens composed of
- cadherins
26
zonula adherens function
- binds to actin of the terminal web (cytoskeleton)
27
desmosome type of junction
- adherens junction | - macula adherens or spot desmosome
28
desmosome composed of
- desmoplakins and plakoglobins
29
desmosome function
- join keratinocytes at cell-cell junctions | - join side to side or up to down
30
gap junction type of junction
- communicating junction
31
gap junction composed of
- connexins
32
hemidesmosome type of junction
- adherens junction | - NOT AN INTRACELLULAR JUNCTION
33
hemidesmosome function
- join cells in basal layer to basement membrane
34
mucosal immunity in intestine
- epithelial products - antimicrobial factors - normal flora - lymphoid tissue - peristalsis -
35
epithelial products in intestine
- acidic pH in stomach - pancreatic enzymes - bile - intestinal secretions - mucus
36
antimicrobial factors in intestine
- lysozyme
37
what makes lysozyme in the intestine
- Paneth cells | - full of secretory vesicles
38
goblet cell
- secretes mucus precursors to surface of intestine
39
mucosal immunity in intestine
- antigens in gut bound by M cells and undergo transcytosis into their intraepithelial pockets - dendritic cells take up antigen, process it, and present to helper T lymphocytes - B lymphocytes stimulated to differentiate into plasma cells which secrete igA antibodies - IgA transported to gut lumen where it binds its antigen on the surface of microorganisms, neutralizing potentially harmful invaders before they penetrate the mucosa.
40
antigens in gut - mucosal immunity
- bound by M cells | - undergo transcytosis into their intraeplial pockets
41
dendritic cells - mucosal immunity
- take up antigen - process it - present to helper T lymphocytes
42
B lymphocytes - mucosal immunity
- stimulated to differentiate into plasma cells
43
plasma cells - mucosal immunity
- secrete IgA antibodies
44
IgA - mucosal immunity
- transported to gut lumen - binds antigen on surface of microorganism - neutralizes potentially harmful invaders before they penetrate the mucosa.
45
why can IgA coexist with proteases in the gut lumen
- it is resistant to proteolytic enzymes
46
how many bacterial species in oral cavity
- 400
47
mucosal immunity in oral cavity
- epithelium - lamina propria - saliva
48
epithelium - mucosal immunity in oral cavity
- physical barrier as in skin | - cells slough off and prevent biofilm formation
49
epithelium contains - mucosal immunity in oral cavity
- contains Langerhans cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes
50
lamina propria contains - mucosal immunity in oral cavity
- macrophages | - dendritic cells
51
dendritic cells - mucosal immunity in oral cavity
- project dendrites into the epithelium - uptake antigens - migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue and draining lymph nodes
52
saliva contains
- lysozyme - lactoferrin - histatins - salivary IgA - myeloperoxidase
53
lysozyme - mucosal immunity in oral cavity
- cleaves bacterial cell walls
54
salivary IgA
- aggregates oral bacteria | - prevents formation of dental plaques
55
pemphigus vulgaris
- acontholytic (loss of intercellular connections) in persons aged 30-60
56
pemphigus vulgaris cause
- autoimmune attack of desmosomes
57
pemphigus vulgaris result
- formation of severe intraepidermal bullae starting in oral cavity and spreading to skin - can be fatal
58
bullous pemphigold vs pemphigus vulgaris
- resembles pemphigus vulgaris but less severe
59
bullous pemphigold cause
- autoimmune attack of hemidesmosomes
60
bullous pemphigold result
- sub epidermal bulael with characteristic inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils
61
diffuse lymphoid tissue located
- located in mucosa | - unless seen in submucosa known as Peyer's patches
62
two forms of diffuse lymphoid tissue
- loose clusters of lymphoid cells | - lymphoid nodules
63
where are lymphoid nodules found
- in lamina propria of mucosa throughout gut
64
Peyer's patches
- found in ileum | - large and press outward to submucosa
65
respiratory tract
- turbulent airflow and humidification causes large particles to land on mucosal surfaces
66
layer of mucus respiratory tract
- flows toward pharynx for expectoration or swallowing
67
swallowing is what kind of mechanism?
- cleansing mechanism
68
mucus clearance aided by
- coordinated secretion of mucin and proteins - sufficient water for hydration - beating cilia - sneezing and coughing
69
protective antimicrobial factors in respiratory tract
- antioxidants - defensins - lactoferrins - lysozyme
70
sentinel cell
- alveolar macrophage | - first line of defense
71
epithelium in vagina secretes
- epithelium secretes glycogen
72
normal flora in vagina
- convert glycogen to lactic acid - creates acidic pH - unfavorable for pathogens
73
normal urine
- sterile
74
normal urine pH
- bactericidal due to pH and urea
75
Tamm-Horsfall protein
- comes from kidney | - binds bacteria and prevents attachment to urinary tract lining
76
frequent urination
- rinses lower urinary tract with urine 4-8 times a day | - eliminates pathogenic organisms
77
pathogens that can bind to urinary tract epithelial cells
- N. gonorrhea | - E. coli
78
longer male urethra benefit
- passive protection | - longer route for bacterial to travel to bladder
79
Eye protections
- blinking - lacrimal glands - meibomian glands - ciliary gland - bacteriostatic/cidal tear film
80
lacrimal glands
- tears
81
meibomian glands
- sebaceous glands on eyelid
82
ciliary gland
- aporcrine sweat glands on eyelid
83
tear film comes from
- glandular secretions of conjunctiva and cornea
84
constant bathing of eyes with tears
- dilutes and clears foreign substances via tear ducts into nasal passage
85
tears contain
- lysozyme
86
lipid oil layer of eye
- lubricates and prevent evaporation
87
aqueous water layer of eye
- nourishes and protects cornea
88
mucin layer of eye
- adheres tear to eye
89
presence of innate immune defenses
- present intrinsically without previous stimulation
90
specificity of innate immune defenses
- limited specificity
91
innate immune defenses repeated exposure
- not enhanced by repeated exposure
92
diversity of expression of innate immune defenses
- limited diversity of expression
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