Hierarchy of Needs: From the Viewpoint of Lifespan Developmen 5 things
1 self fulfillment needs
2 phychlogical needs
2 basic needs
self actualization
-full potintial;
esteem needs
-feeling of accommplishment
belongingness and love needs
saftey needs
physiological needs
Hierarchy of Needs: From the Viewpoint of Lifespan Developmen
Development is a series of changes (for the better and for the worse).
Change involves trade-offs.
Chronological age:
Developmental age:
- The number of months or years since an individual’s birth.
- E.g., 3 months old, 2 years old
- The chronological age at which most children show a particular level of physical or mental development.
E.g., The developmental age for walking without assistance is 12 months old.
Domains of Development
4 of them
In this course, we will look at human life-span development in the following domains:
Intelligence
Memory
Mental (Piaget’s theory of cognitive development)
Psychosocial (Erikson’s psychosocial stages)
Normative investigations
Research efforts designed to describe what is characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage.
Longitudinal Design
Cross-sectional Design
The same participants are observed repeatedly, sometimes over many years.
Groups of participants of different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time
longitudinal design adavtage
Researchers can identify individual differences (e.g., the developmental age for walking is not the same across individuals).
Researchers can examine relationships between early and later events and behaviours.
Can test direction of causation.
longitunial design disadvantage
- Time consuming & costly.
- Data are easily lost (high drop-out rate).
- Data might be contaminated by:
1) Practice effects
2) Cohort effects
cross sectional design disadvantage
advantage
Cannot tell if an early event has an impact on a later event.
Cohort effects (especially comparing two cohorts with a big age difference).
less time
less costly
does not subject to practice effects
crystallized intelligence
your ability to recall facts and info
fluid intelligence
solving problems on the fly
Aging and Intelligence aging and the 2 types of intelgence
Fluid intelligence shows greater decline with age than crystallized intelligence.
Decrease in fluidity has been attributed to a general slowing down of processing speed.
Older adults’ performance on intellectual tasks that require many mental processes to occur in small amounts of time is greatly impaired.
what does memory effect and no teffect
People experience memory deficits with advancing age, even when they have been highly educated and otherwise have good intellectual skills.
However, aging does NOT seem to affect:
- memory of general knowledge (semantic memory) that was acquired long ago.
- memory of personal events (episodic memory) that occurred long ago.
Remote Memory vs. New Memory
Middle-aged adults could identify 90% of their high-school classmates in yearbooks 35 years after graduation.
Older adults were still able to recognize 70% to 80% of their classmates some 50 years later.
Aging does have some impact on remote memory, but the damage is not very serious.
Aging affects new memory to a much greater extent than it affects remote memory:
Older adults are less capable to remember names of new acquaintance, compared to younger adults.
the 4 memory defcits and what they are
transience
_ the tendency to loosee access to information across time
absentmind
not rember cause not fully paying attention
missattribution
-attributing the info to the wrong source
suggestibility
Suggestibility is the degree to which an individual’s beliefs, memories, or behaviors can be influenced by external suggestions.
ushally when you are uncertian and some one tells you somthing
Retrospective Study
A retrospective study is a type of research where investigators look back at existing data to examine relationships, outcomes, or patterns.
Cross-sequential study (also called cross-sequential design)
A cross-sequential study is a research design that combines features of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. It is commonly used in psychology, education, and developmental research.
Memory deficits occur more frequently in ….. individuals
than in ………….
* Mechanisms that underlie memory impairment in older adults
are ……….
* Some possible explanations are:
- Lack of ………………… in older adults
- Reduced ability to pay ……………… in older adults
- Neurobiological changes in the brain (see the next slide)
Memory deficits occur more frequently in older individuals
than in younger.
* Mechanisms that underlie memory impairment in older adults
are unknown.
* Some possible explanations are:
- Lack of organization in older adults
- Reduced ability to pay attention in older adults
- Neurobiological changes in the brain (see the next slide)
cerebral cortex
and the efect of alzeiemers disease
responisble for languge and information processing
the cortex shrivels damged to thinking and planning and remembering
hippocampus
for memorey and gets damaged with alzhemers
when do you have the best or most synapes
2 years old
Brain Development & Synaptic Pruning
During infancy, the brain rapidly forms many connections between neurons in a process called synaptogenesis, which supports learning and memory. Around age 2–3, unnecessary synapses are eliminated through synaptic pruning to strengthen important neural pathways.
Piaget’s Insight into Mental Developmen
Piaget studied the qualitative differences between children and adults, documenting the orderly stages of cognitive development. He believed intellectual growth involves moving from concrete, immediate thinking to abstract and symbolic understanding of the world.
Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Developmen
According to Piaget, cognitive development proceeds by four
distinct stages:
* Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
* Preoperational (2-7 years)
* Concrete operations (7-11 years)
* Formal operations (11 years and on)
