Human Identification

Question 1

Presumptive v/s Complete identification

Answer 1

1. Presumptive identification includes Sex, Race, Stature, Age
2. Complete 100% identification includes Tattoos, Scars, DNA finger printing, finger printing

Question 2

What is the most reliable method of identification?

Answer 2

Finger printing AKA Dactylography ir Galton’s test

Question 3

Where was the first station for Dactylography in the world established?

Answer 3

Kolkata

Question 4

What is
1. Chileoscopy
2. Poroscopy
3. Rugdoscopy
4. Trichology
5. Podography

Answer 4

1. Lip printing
2. Study of pores
3. Study of rugae in hard palate
4. Study of hair
5. Foot printing

Question 5

Where is foot printing primarily used?

Answer 5

Maternity hospital
- Carried out by nurse after birth

Question 6

What is superimposition?

Answer 6

Technique that compares a recovered skull with ante-mortem photos of a suspected missing person to help determine if the two belong to the same individual

Question 7

What are the main races according to forensic science?

Answer 7

1. Caucasoid - Europeans + Chinese
2. Mongoloids - Japanese + Asians
3. Negroids - Africans + Aryans

Question 8

Cephalic index and interpretation

Answer 8

CI = Max breadth of skull/ Max length of skull × 100

L»B = Dolichocephalic
- 70-74.9 -> Negroids

Mesaticephalic
- 75-79.9 -> Caucasoid

B»L = Brachicephalic
- 80-85 -> Mongoloids

Question 9

Tooth identification in Mongoloids

Answer 9

Shovel shaped - upper central incisors
Enamel pearls - pre-molars
Taurodontism - congenital lack of upper 3rd molars

Question 10

Tooth identification in Cacausoid

Answer 10

Carabelli’s cusp - Molar 1

Question 11

Tooth identification in Negroid

Answer 11

Large teeth

Question 12

Methods of sex determination

Answer 12

1. Primary identification - ovary, testis
2. Secondary sexual characteristics
3. Nuclear determination
   - Barr bodies - Inactivated X
   -> F XX =1, 45 XO =0
   -> M XY =0, 47 XXY =1
   - Davidson’s body - only in F
   - Demonstration of chromosomes
4. Features of pelvis *Best
5. Skull

Question 13

What reagent is used to demonstrate X chromosome?

Answer 13

Acriflavin Schiff reagent

Question 14

Most important feature of pelvis in sex determination

Answer 14

Greater sciatic notch
M - Deep and narrow
F - Wide and shalloe

Question 15

Sex determination from skull

Answer 15

F - smooth large frontal and pareital eminence, rounded orbit with sharp margin, vertical forehead

M - rugged, square orbits with smooth margin, steeped forehead, more pronounced glabella

Question 16

How to calculate gestational age of fetus?

Answer 16

1st 5 months - Rule of Hasse
GA = Square root of CHL

Next 5 months - Rule of Morrison
GA = CHL/5

Question 17

When can sex of a fetus be recognised?

Answer 17

4 months

Question 18

What what age are the ulnar and radial bones fully formed?

Answer 18

Ulnar - 17 - 18
Radial - 18 - 19

Question 19

2 types of ossification

Answer 19

1. Enchondral
   - Cartilage precursor
   - All long bones except Clavicle
2. Intra membranous
   - All short and flat bones

Question 20

By what age is ischia tuberosity fully formed?

Answer 20

22 - 23

Question 21

Age of ossification of upper limb joint?

Answer 21

Wrist - 18
Elbow - 16
Shoulder - 18

Question 22

Age of ossification of lower limb joint?

Answer 22

Ankle - 16-17
Knee - 18
Hip - 16-17

Question 23

What is the first primary tooth to me erupted?

Answer 23

Lower central incisor by 6 months

Question 24

What is the first permanent tooth to me completed?

Answer 24

1st Molar by 6 years

Question 25

Formula or 1° and 2° teeth

Answer 25

In each quadrant ×5 = total - 2 1 2 ×4 = 20 (No premolars) I C M - 2 1 2 3 ×4 = 32 I M C M

Question 26

Which is the period of mixed dentition?

Answer 26

6 - 11 years - Number of permanent teeth = (Age-5) × 4

Question 27

What are Lines of Retzius?

Answer 27

Incremental growth lines in tooth enamel that appear as dark, banded structures under an electron microscope Begin to appear by D2 or D3 after birth, new line is added daily

Question 28

What is Boyde's Method?

Answer 28

Use of lines of retzius in to determine infanticide

Question 29

What is Stack's method?

Answer 29

Use of weight and height to determine infanticide - Used in older children

Question 30

What is Gustafson's method?

Answer 30

Gustafson's criteria examines progressive changes in teeth to estimate age in adults (>21), such as attrition, dentine formation, and root transparency

Question 31

What is the most reliable criteria in Gustafsons's method?

Answer 31

Root transparency

Question 32

What is the 2nd most reliable criteria of Gustafson's method?

Answer 32

Secondary dentin deposition

Question 33

Palmer notation

Answer 33

Right to left 87654321 / 12345678 87654321 / 12345678

Question 34

What is the last permanent tooth?

Answer 34

Molar 3 by 17 - 25

Question 35

Superadded vs successional teeth

Answer 35

Superadded - All molars ~ 12 Succesional - All others - 20

Question 36

Dermal rides appear and are completed by what age?

Answer 36

Appear in 12th week IUL and are completed by 24th week IUL

Question 37

Types of finger printing?

Answer 37

1. **Loops** - Most common, 60-70% 2. **Whorls** - 25-35% 3. **Arch** - 6-7% 4. **Composite** - 1-2%

Question 38

What can change finger printing?

Answer 38

1. Radiation 2. Leprosy 3. Electric burns 4. Grafting

Question 39

How to visualize old tattoos?

Answer 39

- **3% H2OS** - Infrared photography - UV lamp - Magnifying glass - High contrast photography - **Lymph node biopsy** - *Last resort option* *PYQ

Question 40

How to identify origin of blood?

Answer 40

Precipitin test

Question 41

How to identify blood stains

Answer 41

**Most reliable Spectroscopy** Others - Macrochemical and Microchemical tests

Question 42

What is seen in Takayama Hemochromogen crystal test?

Answer 42

Pink feathery crystals of hemochromogen (Microchemical)

Question 43

What is seen in Teichmann's Hemin crystal test?

Answer 43

Brown crystal of Hemin chloride (Microchemical)

Question 44

Test based on H2O2

Answer 44

Kastle Meyer AKA Phenolphthalein test (Macrochemical)

Question 45

Chemical tests for seminal stains

Answer 45

**1. Florence test** - Brown rhomboidal crystals of choline (from seminal vesicle) iodide **2. Barberio's test** - Yellow needle shaped spermine picrate crystals - Y bodies seen only in humans, not animals

Question 46

Medullary index in human v/s animal hair? *PYQ

Answer 46

Human - <0.3 Animal - >0.5

Question 47

Mechanism of polygraph test?

Answer 47

Fear stimulates sympathetic nervous system

Question 48

Mechanism of action in Brain mapping

Answer 48

P300 waves - memory related electrical activity

Question 49

Drugs involved in Narcoanalaysis

Answer 49

1. Scopolamine hydrobromide - 1/2 mg, S/C 2. Sodium amytal or sodium pentothal - 2.5-5% solution I/V 3. Sodium Seconal - 0.1 g

Question 50

Which drug is known as truth serum?

Answer 50

Sodium pentothal