Hybridisation

Question 1

Hybridisation

Answer 1

The electrons rearrange themselves again after 1 electron is promoted in a process called hybridisation. This reorganises the electrons into hybrid orbitals

Question 2

sp³ hybridisation

Answer 2

• 1 electron from 2s orbital is promoted to empty 2p orbital
• atom is now in excited state
• hybridisation of 1 s-orbital and 3 p-orbital
• 4 sp₃ hybrids orbitals are available for bonding
• ie. methane CH₄

Question 3

Before sp³ hybridisation

Answer 3

After sp³ hybridisation

Question 4

Bonds formed from sp³ hybridisation

Answer 4

• 4 sigma bonds
• Therefore, 4 single bonds are formed
• ie. methane CH₄

Question 5

sp² hybridisation

Answer 5

• 1 electron from 2s orbital is promoted to empty 2p orbital
• atom is now in excited state
• hybridisation of 1 s-orbital and 2 p-orbital. 1 p-orbital doesnt take part in hybridisation
• 3 sp² hybrids orbital and 1 p-orbital are available for bondings
• ie, ethene

Question 6

Before sp² hybridisation

Answer 6

After sp2 hybridisation

Question 7

Bonds formed from sp ² hybridisation

Answer 7

• 3 sigma bonds (single bonds) & 1 pi bond
• 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond forms 1 double bond
• therefore, 3 single bonds with 1 empty p-orbital
• or 2 single bond and 1 double bond are formed
• ie, ethene C₂H₄

Question 8

sp¹ hybridisation

Answer 8

• 1 electron from 2s orbital is promoted to empty 2p orbital
• cabon atom is now in excited state
• hybridisation of 1 s-orbital and 1 p-orbital. 2 p-orbital doesnt take part in hybridisation
• 2 sp1 hybrids orbital and 2 p-orbital are available for bonding
• ie,ethyene C₂H₂

Question 9

Before sp¹ hybridisation

Answer 9

After sp¹hybridisation

Question 10

Bonds formed from sp¹ hybridisation

Answer 10

• 2 sigma bonds (single bonds) & 2 pi bond
• 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bond forms 1 triple bond
• therefore, 2 single bonds with 2 empty p-orbital
• or 1 single bond and 1 triple bond are formed
• ie, ethyene C₂H₂