hyperkinetic dysarthria

Question 1

hyperkinetic dysarthria involves damage to the ___

Answer 1

basal ganglia (indirect loop)

Question 2

possible contributing mechanisms? (4)

Answer 2

1. damage to subthalamic nucleus
2. +thalamic and cortical excitatory firing
3. loss of striatal neurons
4. imbalance bw cholinergic(+) and dopaminergic(-) neurotransmitters

Question 3

hyperkinetic dysarthria = type of MSD that reflects the effects of _____ movements on speech.

voluntary movements are generally _____ in affected body parts.

Answer 3

• involuntary
• slowed

Question 4

types of dyskinesias? (3)

Answer 4

1. dystonia: slow, excessive co-contraction of antagonistic muscles
2. chorea: rapid, dance-like, can be subtle or large
3. other: tics, myoclonus, ballisms

Question 5

etiology?

Answer 5

undetermined (82%)

Question 6

what type of dyskinesia does huntington’s disease have?

Answer 6

chorea

Question 7

huntington’s disease characteristics? (5)

Answer 7

1. sudden forced breathing
2. prosodic excess and insufficiency
3. irregular artic breakdowns
4. phonatory stenosis (pitch changes, strangled quality
5. resonatory incompetence (hypernasality)

Question 8

dystonia characteristics? (4)

Answer 8

1. can be generalized, segmental, focal, or multifocal (e.g., spasmodic torticollis, spasmodic dysphonia)
2. slow sustained abnormal movements
3. most apparent at rest or when attempting to sustain a posture
4. distinguishing speech feature = VARIABILITY

Question 9

spasmodic dysphonia:

a) adductor spasms result in ___
b) abductor spasms result in ___

Answer 9

a) phonatory stenosis
b) phonatory incompetence (breathy, aphonic)

Question 10

essential voice tremor:

a) onset?
b) is it isolated?
c) OME findings?
d) speech findings?

Answer 10

a) onset gradual, can worsen with stress
b) can be, but can also be accompanied by head/extremity tremor
c) tremulousness
d) rhythmic fluctuation during sustained vowel (sometimes even abrupt stopping)

Question 11

essential tremor is associated with lesion in the…

Answer 11

cerebral-thalamic circuit