motor learning

Question 1

describe levelt’s model (6)

Answer 1

1. conceptual prep
2. lexical selection
3. morphological encoding
4. phonological encoding
5. phonetic encoding
6. artic

Question 2

define motor plan (aka efferent copy / motor schema / plan)

Answer 2

mental rep of what needs to be done and how to do it, prepared BEFORE movement starts

Question 3

define generalized motor program (GMP) (3)

Answer 3

• flexible to diff situations
• captures invariant features (relative timing and force)
• specific parameters added

Question 4

schemas are memory structures that link… (4)

Answer 4

1. initial conditions
2. motor commands
3. sensory feedback
4. movement outcome (success or failure)

Question 5

where are motor programs stored?

Answer 5

CNS

Question 6

T or F: you have a motor program for every sound

Answer 6

false (thats why GMPs are flexible!)

Question 7

match the symptom to the MSD:

a) problem establishing programs

b) loss of programs OR difficulty activating them

c) problem with access and selection

d) problem with execution of program

Answer 7

a) childhood apraxia of speech
b) apraxia
c) ataxia or hypokinetic dysarthria
d) flaccid and spastic dysarthria

Question 8

which hemisphere was more active in typical children vs children with CAS vs typical adults during speech tasks?

Answer 8

• typical children: bilateral
• children with CAS: right
• typical adults: left

Question 9

speech and hand movement areas in the brain exhibit _____, a mechanism that segregates activities of oscillating networks

Answer 9

frequency detuning

Question 10

describe the feedforward control mechanism (2)

Answer 10

• top-down
• movements controlled by pre-programmed instructions

Question 11

evidence reflecting importance of feedforward mechanism? (3)

Answer 11

• sound errors (plublicity)
• anticipatory coartic
• loss of hearing in adulthood

Question 12

downfall of feedforward mechanism?

Answer 12

memory capacity

Question 13

describe the feedback control mechanism (2)

Answer 13

• bottom-up
• movements controlled by feedback CNS receives

Question 14

evidence reflecting importance of feedback mechanism? (3)

Answer 14

• sensory disturbances (dentist)
• perturbation studies (artificial palate)
• online correction of speech errors

Question 15

downfall of feedback mechanism?

Answer 15

too slow for corrections to always be online

Question 16

according to the HSFC, what is the internal vs external feedback loop?

Answer 16

• internal (higher level): detects/corrects errors before speech
• external (lower level): detects/corrects errors after speech

Question 17

T or F: tx should focus on strengthening both feedback and feedforward

Answer 17

true

Question 18

define motor learning

Answer 18

internal processes related to practice leading to relatively permanent changes in movement

Question 19

define acquisition vs learning

Answer 19

• acquisition: temporary success during tx or practice
• learning: long-term retention and generalization

Question 20

T or F: what enhances motor acquisition is the same as what enhances motor learning

Answer 20

false

Question 21

what are the phases of motor practice during the associative stage? (4)

Answer 21

1. acquisition
2. automatization
3. retention (transfer)
4. generalization

Question 22

define expert model vs discovery learning

Answer 22

• expert model: performance evaluated against expert (anyone)
• discovery learning: trial and error

Question 23

define challenge point framework

Answer 23

when learning is maximized and loss of performance during practice is minimized

Question 24

in terms of task selection – complexity, what needs to be considered? (3)

Answer 24

• developmental sequence (sound > syllable CV > CVC…)
• stimulability
• more difficult learning = better retention

Question 25

training of simple syllables improves production of ___ syllables; training of complex syllables improves production of ___ syllables

Answer 25

- simple - simple AND complex

Question 26

define constant vs varied practice. which one is optimal?

Answer 26

- constant: same target in same conditions - varied: target in different conditions - varied degrades performance during training but +real life performance

Question 27

define blocked vs random schedules. which one is optimal?

Answer 27

- blocked: AAA BBB CCC - random: ACB BCA ABC - better acquisition with blocked but better retention with random

Question 28

what does the research say about practice amount?

Answer 28

>200-300 reps = enhances recall

Question 29

define massed vs distributed practice distribution. which one is optimal?

Answer 29

- massed: short period of time - distributed: over longer period of time - groups w more rest did better in acquisition AND retention

Question 30

define KR and KP. which feedback type is better?

Answer 30

- KR: correct vs incorrect - KP: feedback about movements - combo = most effective

Question 31

how does feedback influence learning?

Answer 31

frequent feedback improves acquisition but degrades retention

Question 32

how does feedback timing influence learning?

Answer 32

- delayed feedback facilitates self-evaluation = +retention - immediate feedback better for acquisition

Question 33

T or F: muscles must be conditioned in general as opposed to just during tasks that need improvement

Answer 33

FALSE

Question 34

a) don't train strength when... b) don't train a part bc...

Answer 34

a) need is a highly skilled movement b) it will not change the whole behaviour (e.g., better tongue elevation by itself will not result in better sound sequencing)

Question 35

what happens to neural representation if it is not used?

Answer 35

degradation

Question 36

when is training more effective relative to an injury?

Answer 36

early post-injury

Question 37

what makes speech muscles unique? (2)

Answer 37

- fatigue-resistant - fast contracting

Question 38

how does aging affect speech differently than limb muscles? (2)

Answer 38

- minimal atrophy - may grow larger w age

Question 39

how does bilateral innervation protect the speech system?

Answer 39

makes it more resilient to damage

Question 40

what is essential to facilitated recovery and why?

Answer 40

- training - = +brain reorganization