Hypothesis Testing

Question 1

What are the 6 steps of hypothesis testing?

Answer 1

1. State research question
2. Formulate statistical hypothesis
3. Formulate decision rule/set level of significance
4. Make calculations
5. Make decision
6. Interpret statistical result

= applied to ALL kinds of hypothesis testing

Question 2

What is hypothesis testing illustrated with?

Answer 2

Z Test

Question 3

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

Answer 3

• Use an observed value from sample data
• Comes from a known population

Question 4

What question is being asked during statistical hypothesis testing?

Answer 4

What is the relationship between the observed value and population data?

Question 5

Explain Step 1: Explain Research Question

Answer 5

Is there a difference between _____ and _____?

Question 6

What are the possibilities of statistical hypothesis testing?

Answer 6

1. Comes from known population
2. Comes from unknown population

Question 7

Null Hypothesis

Answer 7

Results come from the population we known
- no changes to see
- correct

Question 8

What is the null hypothesis symbol?

Answer 8

Ho = mean

Question 9

Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 9

Results come from an unknown population
- does not equal mean of population data

Question 10

What are the 2 symbols of the alternative hypothesis?

Answer 10

H1 or Ha

Question 11

What needs to be true about the population mean for both hypotheses?

Answer 11

It needs to be the same

Question 12

Setting the Level of Significance

Answer 12

Decide how big we want the rare region to be

Question 13

Size of rare region symbol

Answer 13

α

Question 14

What does α define?

Answer 14

The z cut offs

Question 15

Critical Region

Answer 15

¡ RARRREEEEE REGIOn !

Question 16

The level of ___ is designated by the notion ____ and it is the value that we set for the size of the ___ region

Answer 16

• significance
• α
• critical

Question 17

If the α level is decreased, what happens to the size of the critical region?

Answer 17

It also decreases

Question 18

Decision Rule

Answer 18

1. If Zcalc ≥ Zcrit = reject null hypothesis
2. If Zcalc ≤ Zcrit = fail to reject null hypothesis
   - likely to be in common region

Question 19

Zcalc

Answer 19

Calculated Z score

Question 20

Zcrit

Answer 20

Rare region (critical) of Z
- 1.96

Question 21

What is an easier way to understand Zcalc and Zcrit values?

Answer 21

Use the absolute value a

Question 22

Sample mean symbol

Answer 22

X bar

Question 23

Two Tailed Hypothesis Test

Answer 23

Reject Ho if Zcalc is in either of the tails
- detects whether data result is extreme in either end
- most widely accepted

Question 24

One Tailed Hypothesis Test

Answer 24

Can be used if we have a specific expectation
(likely to be in high or low end)
- Reject Ho only if the calculated Z score falls in the one tail

Question 25

Statistical Signifiance

Answer 25

Our result let to rejection of the null hypothesis

Question 26

What are hypothesis tests often called?

Answer 26

Tests of significance

Question 27

Subtleties

Answer 27

- Rejection of null hypothesis is a conclusion about the population - Statistical significance is a conclusion about the observed sample result

Question 28

P < 0.05

Answer 28

The probability of our result coming from Ho is < 0.05 - Z calc is in critical region - reject null

Question 29

P

Answer 29

Probability of getting observed value, or more extreme value, from the Ho population.

Question 30

Why are alpha values and P values not the same thing?

Answer 30

Alpha Values - Set the level for the critical region P value - actual data point = If P value is less than alpha, it is statistically significant (reject) - If P is less than 0.05 then you automatically reject (no alpha)

Question 31

What value is alpha when not stated?

Answer 31

0.05