1
Q
what is the first line of defense against microbes
A
barriers for entry
anatomical, nonspecific chemicals
immune system cells
2
Q
what are the anatomical barriers of defense
A
keratinized skin, fluid flow composition (sweat, tears coating, urine washing)
ciliated mucosa
3
Q
what are the nonspecific chemicals of barrier defense
A
lysozyme
defensins (antimicrobial peptides)
acidic pH
4
Q
what are the immune system cells for barrier defense
A
leukocytes (granular or agranular)
5
Q
what are the granular leukocytes
A
able to stain granular cells
neutrophils (most common)
eosinophils
basolphils/mast cells (allergies)
6
Q
what are the agranular leukocytes
A
no staining capabilities
NK cells (anticancer, anti-virally infected cells)
TB lymphocytes (memory)
monocytes
-macrophages
-dendritic cells
7
Q
what is the importance of leukocytes
A
they have access to major compartments of the body
8
Q
Describe the # cells of the immune system
A
dominates the human body by number
second only to erythrocytes and platelets
9
Q
what are the secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
A
where immune cells typically encounter microbes and immune cell interactions occur
tonsils
auxillary lymph node
MALT (breast)
spleen
GALT (small intestine)
Inguinal lymph node
10
Q
where is the majority of immune cells found in the body
A
bone marrow
lymphatic system (T/Bcells)
11
Q
where do lymphocytes mature
A
bone marrow (B)
thymus (T)
12
Q
what is the second line of defense
A
inflammation from trauma to tissues
13
Q
what are the classic signs of inflammation
A
rubor (red), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) - traced back to underlying cellular events
14
Q
what is the goal of inflammation
A
mobilize immune cells/chemicals to the site of injury for repair and destruction of microbes
15
Q
what are the phagocytes for 2nd line of defense
A
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
16
Q
what are the chemical mediators of 2nd line of defense
A
released from cells at the site
vasoactive, cytokines, chemokines,
prostaglandins
17
Q
what are the job of cytokines and chemokines
A
directing traffic and influencing behavior of inflammatory cells
Ex) TNF, interleukins, interferons
18
Q
what is the job of interferons
A
activates antiviral defense
19
Q
what are complement chemical mediators
A
directly and indirectly combats microbial threats
20
Q
What are the third line of defense
A
acquisition of specific immunity (adaptive and acquired immunity)
T&B lymphocyte differentiation
Antigen detection and processing
T&B lymphocyte activation and responses
21
Q
describe T&B lymphocyte differentation
A
involves receptors that recognize foreign antigens
ex) HLA, MHC system, immunoglobulin, T cell receptors
22
Q
describe antigen detection and processing
A
involves antigen presenting cells (APCs)
23
Q
describe T&B lymphocyte activation and responses
A
involves differentiation of subsets of T cells and antibody production
24
Q
what are the subsets of T cells and antibody production
A
T helper CD4 cells (Th): 2 types
Cytotoxic T CD8 cells (Tc): kills specific targets
T regulatory CD4/25 cells (Treg): moderate immune reaction
25
where do all T&B cells come from for immunity
bone marrow
26
what are naked cells
cells with no receptors (immature T&B cells)
27
what is the difference between T and B cell receptors
B cells and T cells get their unique respective receptors differing in how they bind antigens
B:`surface-located immunoglobulin
T: work in conjugation with CD receptors
28
what is the clonal selection theory
explains lymphocyte antigen specificity and expansion of specific antigen-recognizing B&T cells
29
describe the regionality of the B&T cells
B cells are generally more exterior
T cells are generally more interior
30
differentiate MHC class I and II
I: markers that define self
II: found on APCs
both use to present antigens
31
what are the components of antigen processing
APC surveillance system (roaming throughout body)
antigen foreign: taken up into dendritic cell; fragmented;
antigen fragments bound to MHC receptor on dendritic cell
presents antigen to audience
32
where do processed antigen presenting cells go to
secondary lymphatic tissue where T cells are waiting
33
what leads to activation of naive t cell
T cell containing a specific receptor for antigen being presented
has a CD4 receptor
34
how is a B cell activated
requires cell surface receptors
B cell receptor (Ig) recognizes same microbe as APC
presents processed antigen on MHCII to Th that can recognize the same antigen
creates immunological synapse to make B-cell growth factors and Interleukins that activate B cell
35
what happens once a B cell is activated
starts to divide
makes a pool of activated B cells with their own specific receptor
some stashed away in 2 lymph tissue (MEMORY)
immediate differentiation into plasma cells (makes antibodies for humoral immunity)
36
what are produced from B cells in the future for the target threat
IGM antibodies from plasma cells that attack the original microbe
37
what is an immunoglobulin
4 part protein complex of immune system produced by B cells
38
differentiate Fab and Fc
F antigen binding site: variable region
F constant region: creates 5 diff classes
39
what is IgG
most common/crosses placenta
40
what is IgA
found in bodily secretions
ex) breast milk
41
what is IgM
initial class in response to antigen
42
what is IgD
acts as B cell receptor for antigens
43
what is IgE
mediates allergic reactions
(allergEE)
44
what is the timeline for antibody production after 1st exposure
10-12 days:latent period due to antigen processing by differentiated B cells
titer tapers down within weeks
15 days: IgM first antibody
20 days: IgG due to activation of first memory cells
45
what is the timeline for antibody production after 2st exposure
anamnestic response stronger and faster due to memory B cells making plasma cells quickly
already has memory lymphocytes
rapid rise in IgG antibody titer for several weeks.
and smaller IgM due to naive B cells
46
describe agglutination
antibodies binding to microbes allow the cross-linking of a few (bacterial) microbes, causing clumping, immobilization, and phagocytotic ease
blood transfusion reaction
47
describe precipitation
aggregating proteins and antigens at the molecular level preventing them from doing their job.
phagocytotic ease
48
describe antitoxin
similar to precipitation and neutralization by blocking toxin from binding to host
1. bacteria toxin (botox)in blood: anti-botox in blood binds to botox preventing binding to neurons (no paralysis)
2. snake venom; specified antibodies (antivenom) prevents binding to host cells
49
How does Covid vaccination get passed from mother to fetus
specific IgG antibodies transferred through the placenta
50
how do we passively acquire immunity
from mother in utero
injection of antibody serum
51
how do we actively acquire immunity
body produces own antibodies
via infection
via immunization
dead/inactivated microbes,
live, attenuated microbes
microbial antigens
antigen-encoding RNA
52
what is an examples of a dead, inactivated
injected polio virus
injected virus without the ability to infect and replicate,
body still able to recognize antigens and produces antibodies
53
what is an example of a live, attenuated vaccine
MMR
(can replicate) weakened virus injected, that is not given to immunocompromised individuals
body produces antibodies
54
what is an example of a microbial antigen vaccine
dTAP
inject combination of antigens (pieces of pathogen)
55
what is an example of an antigen-encoding RNA vaccine
COVID
injected with RNA that encodes spike proteins in body
antibodies made
56
how does the antigen presenting cell activate a CD4 positive cell to become different types of helper cells
APC presents antigens to (synapses with) MHC-II on CD4 positive T cells costimulating.
APC secretes cytokines (growth factors and interleukin 2/4) which activates B-cells for proliferation
57
what type of cells are activated through CD4 T cell differentiation
Th1: produces factors that stimulate macrophages
Th2: secretes interleukins to activated B cells and increase antibody mediated immune response
memory cells
58
describe DC8 activation
Th1 activates T cells -IL-2-> CD8
Uses MHC-I to presents its antigen to the CD8 positive T cells
no chemicals are secreted from the APC
becomes memory or cytotoxic T cells that present viral antigen using MHC-1. Kills infected cells via perforins and granzymes
59
Describe Kidney function and lymphocytes
B&T cells migrate to outer and inner areas (respectively) and a common meeting ground for synapses
60
what happens to perforated lymph nodes
they become swelled
61
what is immunopathology
overreation to antigens
62
what are two types of immunopathology to allergies
localized (atopy)
systemic (anaphylaxis)
63
what are the 4 most common routes of exposure to allergens
inhalation
ingestion
injection
contact
64
how does sensitization and IgE production occur
Instead of IgM, plasma cells create IgE antibodies that recognize Mast cells in tissue and stays in tissues
65
how does the body make primed mast cells
IgE constant fragment recognizes mast cells and binds to their receptors. travels to tissues and stays there.
Mast cells are memory cells that just wait for exposure to IgE's
66
describe provocation of allergens
second exposure to specific allergens bind to mast cell IgE receptors.
Immediately releases granulocytes/basophils that release systemic chemical mediators, triggering allergy symptoms.
67
what are ways of preventing allergic reactions
1. avoidance of allergen
2. take corticosteroids that keep the plasma cell from synthesizing IgE and inhibit T cells
3. injection of passive immunity
4. stop mast cell from degranulation
5. allow allergy to run, but take antihistamines or epinephrine to reduce allergy symptoms like vasoconstriction
6. immunotherapy
68
how does immunotherapy work
slow doses of allergen binds tiny amounts of antibodies IgA that prevent the allergen from going further than the Gut before blood.
those that do get into the blood are treated by IgG that binds peanut allergen.
prevents allergen from binding to IgE
69
what is type II immunity
antibody-mediated immunity causing foreign cell lysis
blood transfusion reaction
70
what antibodies in plasma do different blood types have
group A: anti-b
group B: anti A
group AB: None
Group O: anti-a and anti-b
71
what would happen to a person a blood transfusion with blood mismatch
agglutination between two types of blood causing loss of hemoglobin through attack complex
72
what can happen with a Rh- mother and RH+ father
tearing placenta through trauma causing mixing of mother/fetus blood
sensitization of mother developing anti-Rh antibody from first child
Second child: exposure to anti-Rh antibody causes hemolytic disease of unborn through agglutination
73
what is type III immunopathology
immune complex (rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness) from antigen-antibody complement complexes that locally degrade tissue
= inflammation, damaged cartilage, bone destroying
74
what is type IV immunopathology
no antibodies involved
cell-mediated, cytotoxic (contact dermatitis, graft rejection)
due to sensitized T cells
cause inflammation and blisters
75
what does GAS cuase
antibodies meant to neutralize GAS cross-react with heart valve proteins from Rheumatic Fever
76
what is multiple sclerosis
T cells and antibodies lead to myelin sheath loss triggered by viruses
77
what is type 1 diabetes
antibodies cause the loss of pancreatic insulin production
inability to regulate blood sugar
78
what is myasthenia gravis
severe muscle weakness
body produces antibodies that alter neuromuscular junction function
79
what is systemic lupus erythematosus
multiple organ inflammation
erythro: red
causes red rash on face
80
describe the root causes genetic immunodeficiency
inherited genetic loss of function causes SCID mutations from both T and B cells leading to deficiencies in acquired immune system
81
describe the root causes of acquired immunodeficiency
due to exposure to immunosuppressive agents or conditions (reduced cytokines)
ex) pregnancy, infectious agents HI V, removal of spleen, irradiation/chemotherapy
82
what is Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
multiple origins
Immunotherapy cure for cancer
uses T cells to kill B cell a variety of cancer cells
83
how is kymirah made
obtain infected person's blood, separate WBC, give T cells new CAR that recognize CD19 forming an immunological synapse targeted for killing
84
describe the actions of the granular immune system cells from the first line of defense
neutrophils: blood inflammation
eosinophils: parasite protection
basophils: allergies
85
describe the actions of the Agranular immune system cells from the first line of defense
NK: cancer and infected cells
TB: acquired and memory
monocytes: phagocytosis antigen presenting
86
where are immune sytem cells found
ECF via reticular fibers
blood vessels
lymph
87
how does phagocytosis destroy microbes
signaled to an area via cytokines
recognizes PAMPs
engulfs into phagocytic vesicle
lysosomes break down via enzymes and reactive oxygen species = lysis
release debris
88
how do some pathogenic microbes resist phagocytosis
GAS (strep. pyogenes)
capsule identical to hyaluronic acid
uptakes human blood proteins
triggers macrophage cell death
89
what are the actions of complement chemical mediators
directly and indirectly combats microbial threats
90
what things do antibodies to that make them so valuable
complement fixation
ospsonization
neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
antitoxin
91
describe complement fixation
antibodies bound to the surface of microbes (bacteria and some viruses) to tag and target for lysis
attracts blood proteins to bind to bacteria
92
describe opsonization
coating with antibodies to enhance recognition for phagocytosis (make more tasty)
93
describe neutralization work of antibodies
antibodies fill the surface receptors on virus or bacterial active site preventing them from attaching to their target cells
94
how does the COVID antigen test work
nasal swab deposits bacteria to drop of specimen.
capillary action carries virion along the dry strip through color-tagged CoV-2 antibodies
a Test line of immobilized antibodies that bind to CoV-2 and therefore immobilize color-tagged antibodies
a control line where excess antibodies not bound to virion stick
95
what is the rheumatoid factor
anti-IgG and IgM that attacks antibodies in the body in joints
96
what is DiGeorge syndrome
genetic deficiency that prevents thymus from working properly
97
what is adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)
prevents T cell receptors from working properly
98
what is congenital agammaglubullinemia
inherited disease blocking the production of B cell antibodies affecting humoral immunity
99
what is hypogammaglobullnemia
less antibodies being made than the titer required = immunodeficient
100
how doe
Microbiology
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