Unit II A

Question 1

What is the serotype

Answer 1

using antibodies to distinguish certain varying antigens on bacteria

Question 2

what is the H antigen for

Answer 2

flagellum

Question 3

describe the O antigen

Answer 3

cell wall LPS on gram negatives

Question 4

what is the K antigen for

Answer 4

capsule

Question 5

how are bacteria morphologically classified

Answer 5

cell shape
gram stain
motility
colony morphology

Question 6

what are the virulent factors of staphylococcus aureus

Answer 6

furuncle/carbuncle
SSSS/bullous impetigo
TSS
Endocarditis
Food intoxication

Question 7

describe staphylococcus aureus

Answer 7

MRSA
catalase +
salt tolerant
gram positive cocci
clustered appearance (grapes)

Question 8

what is/causes fucuncle/carbuncle

Answer 8

localized skin abscess/lesion
promoted by coagulase (blood clotting) and hyaluronidase (breaks down tissues)

Question 9

what causes SSSS/bullous impetigo

Answer 9

more widespread due to exfoliative toxin that cleaves skin causing it to peel away

Question 10

what causes toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

Answer 10

due to superantigen toxin causing low blood pressure and systemic inflammation associated with the menstrual cycle

Question 11

what causes endocarditis

Answer 11

when staphlococcus gets colonized in the heart valves promoted by coagulase

Question 12

what causes food intoxication

Answer 12

due to consumption of food enterotoxin

Question 13

how does being salt tolerant affect Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 13

foods with high salt level, could allow Staphylococcus aureus to thrive

Question 14

what is streptococcus

Answer 14

catalase-
chain linked organization

Question 15

describe S. pyogenes
Group A streptococcus (GAS)

Answer 15

gram positive cocci
causal agent of scarlet fever, pharyngitis, erysipelas, pyoderma/impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis (in order of increasing invasiveness)

Question 16

describe S. agalactiae
Group B streptococcus (GBS)

Answer 16

gram positive coccus
causal agent of neonatal and postpartum meningitis/sepsis
infects pregnant women; goes into into amniotic fluid, causes meningitis

Question 17

Describe S. Pneumoniae

Answer 17

gram positive coccus
leading cause of bacterial pneumonia and bacterial meningitis

Question 18

describe Neisseria gonorrhoaea

Answer 18

gram negative coccus
causal agent of gonorrhea
newborn conjunctivitis

Question 19

how does gonococcus trigger inflammation

Answer 19

sexual contact shares the gonococcus
uses pili to gain a foothold in the urogenital epithelium
colonizes and invades the epithelium (contains LPS an peptidoglycan) which is detected by the dendritic, WBC, and macrophages: sends out cytokines and chemokines to draw neutrophils (WBC) to kill the invaders
discharges gonococci as wbc excreted fluid

Question 20

how does conjunctivitis occur

Answer 20

conjunctiva of the eye gets infected by gonorrhoeae when the newborn leaves through the birth canal

Question 21

describe the N meningitidis

Answer 21

gram negative coccus
significant cause of bacterial meningitis

Question 22

how does N meningitidis infect

Answer 22

bacteria capsule made of polysaccharides
in the respiratory system
infects the CNS
causes meningitis

Question 23

what are the cardinal signs of meningitis

Answer 23

stiff neck
fever
headache/altered mental state

Question 24

what are the surface layer meningitis effects on the skin

Answer 24

Purpura and petechiae blood spots

Question 25

describe bacillus anthracis

Answer 25

gram positive bacilli (rod shaped) endospore-forming (facultative) causal agent of anthrax [cutaneous, GI & pulmonary (most dangerous)] zoonosis (contracted from animals)

Question 26

how are bacilli differentiated

Answer 26

either endospore - or endospore + (of which can be anaerobic or facultative)

Question 27

what are the effects of anthrax

Answer 27

edema factor (causes swelling) dark burn looking bacterial manifestation

Question 28

how are bacteria physiologically classified

Answer 28

fermentation photosynthesis oxygen requirement temperature requirement

Question 29

how are bacteria phylogenetically classified

Answer 29

16s rRNA DNA sequences

Question 30

what is a biotype

Answer 30

biological train

Question 31

what is an ESKAPE microbe

Answer 31

for hospital associated antibiotic resistant microbes

Question 32

describe the staph. aureus effect on sheeps blood

Answer 32

produced a toxin that caused the rbc to lyse causing beta hemolysis

Question 33

what are the 6 medically important cocci

Answer 33

gonococcus meningococcus GAS GBS Pneumococcus S. aureus

Question 34

describe Clostridium perfringens

Answer 34

gram positive bacilli endospore-forming (from soil) anaerobic

Question 35

what does clostridium perfringens causes

Answer 35

causal agent of gas gangrene making bubbles in tissue causing destruction and death (crepitance)

Question 36

how does clostridium perfringens cause gas gangrene

Answer 36

produces enzymes that destroy & ferment tissue resulting in gas production

Question 37

describe clostridiodes difficile

Answer 37

gram positive bacilli endospore-forming causal agent of nosocomial diarrhea

Question 38

define nosocomial diarrhea

Answer 38

development of loose stool due to hospital admission

Question 39

what is the impact of plaques in mucosal lining of colon

Answer 39

lining is to protect from fluid loss too much fluid is lost in the stool as diharrea

Question 40

how is clostridioides difficile combated

Answer 40

using another persons fecal matter and transplanting it to an infected person to add microbes to fight the pathogenic microbes

Question 41

describe clostridium tetani

Answer 41

gram positive bacilli endospore forming anaerobic causal agent of tetanus/lockjaw

Question 42

what is colostridium tetani characterized by

Answer 42

sustained muscle contraction or tetani

Question 43

what is used to treat tetanus

Answer 43

antitoxin

Question 44

how is tetanus contracted in the muscle

Answer 44

tetanus toxin is taken up by the motor neuron to CNS and stops an inhibitory neuron vesicle fusion constantly stimulate the muscle

Question 45

what vaccine is used for tetanus

Answer 45

DTaP and Tetanus toxoid given to mothers to give the baby antibody immunity

Question 46

describe clostridium botulinm

Answer 46

gram positive bacilli endospore forming anaerobic causal agent of botulismw

Question 47

what is botulism characterized by

Answer 47

symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis

Question 48

how does the botulism toxin work in the body

Answer 48

toxin is consumer and arrives at neuromuscular junction. taken up into the neuron which cleaves SNARE proteins prevents vesicles from forming

Question 49

what are the similarities between colostridium botulinum (botulism) and colostridium tetani (tetanus)

Answer 49

botulism causes flaccid paralysis tetanus causes spastic paralysis

Question 50

how can botulism be infectous

Answer 50

foodborne wound related infant ingestion (honey) inflants under the age of 1 do not have gut flora with an established gut microbiome

Question 51

describe Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 51

gram positive bacilli non-endospore forming causal agent of diphtheria

Question 52

what is diphtheria characterized by

Answer 52

respiratory illness characterized by a pseudomembrane (dead human cells + fibrin)

Question 53

describe Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 53

gram positive bacilli non-endospore forming causal agent of listeriosis

Question 54

what is listeriosis

Answer 54

most deadly food-borne illness - particularly for the immunocompromised (pregnant) symptoms: meningitis and sepsis

Question 55

what types of foods would cause listeriosis

Answer 55

raw or preserved food that is not cooked sprouts soft cheeses deli meats smoked meats unpasteurized milk

Question 56

what does DTaP stand for

Answer 56

Diphtheria (breathing and heart issues) Tetanus (lockjaw/muscle spasms) Pertussis (whooping cough)