Microbiology > Unit I: B > Flashcards

Unit I: B Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chemotroph

A

an organism that uses chemicals rather than light for energy

can be organic (containing carbon)
or inorganic

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2
Q

What is a phototroph

A

an organism that light for energy

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3
Q

What is an Autotroph

A

an organism that “feeds by itself”

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4
Q

What is a Heterotroph

A

an organism that requires nutrients from other organisms
ex: humans

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5
Q

What kind of energy do various bacteria need

A

organic or inorganic chemical energy
or light energy

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6
Q

What kind of carbon sources can bacteria use

A

CO2 or organic compounds

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7
Q

What forms of high-energy intermediates does Catabolism release

A

ATP and NADH (e- carrier)

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8
Q

What can the energy released from Catabolism be used for

A

making simple building blocks, sugars or amino acids

Anabolism

Making macromolecules, carbohydrates, proteins or lipids

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9
Q

If the energy released from catabolism is not used for anabolism what form does it take resulting from respiration

A

end products with reduced energy
CO2, H2O

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10
Q

Compare Respiration and Fermentation energy production

A

Respiration typically produces more ATP and NADH than fermentation
respiration uses electron transport chain while fermentation does not

both use glycolysis
both release CO2 somehow

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11
Q

what is fermentation characterized by

A

the resulting end products
alcohols, acids, gases

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12
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration (human) vs anaerobic respiration (bacteria)

A

aerobic: utilizes O2
Anaerobic: Nonoxygen electron acceptors (SO42-, NO3-, CO32-)

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13
Q

What is the final electron acceptor of fermentation

A

an organic molecule
(pyruvate, acetaldehyde, etc..)

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14
Q

What method of catabolism does the CF Lung bacteria use

A

microbial Nitrate respiration due to low oxygen conditions created by thick viscous mucus
specifically Pseudomonal aeruginosa

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15
Q

what happens in low-oxygen conditions in the CF lung

A

it selects for microbial variants that can effectively use nitrate in respiration

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16
Q

Why is killing bacteria growing in the CF lung hard to do

A

elevated antibiotic tolerance in O2-deprived mucus

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17
Q

Why is a microbe’s O2 requirement necessary information

A

useful in identifying the microbe

several significant pathogens are adapted to low O2 environments

Hyperbaric oxygen is a useful tool in treating infections due to O2-sensitive bacteria

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18
Q

What habitats can low oxygen environment adapted pathogens thrive

A

deep tissue puncture wounds/intestinal tract (anaerobic areas)

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19
Q

In a Thioglycollate (oxygen removing) growth medium where does the aerobe, anaerobe and facultative settle

A

Facultative: all solution
Aerobe: top (oxygen saturated)
Anaerobe: bigger bottom (oxygen deprived)

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20
Q

what two things do all living things need

A

energy and carbon

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21
Q

describe photoautotrophs and chemoheteroptrophs

A

Photoautotrophs: plants harvesting light and carbon from the air

chemoheterotrophs: humans use chemicals other than light and eat other organisms for energy

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22
Q

what is metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that power a cell

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23
Q

what are two forms of catabolism

A

fermentation and respiration

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24
Q

What are the three steps of respiration and their products

A

glycolysis yielding ATP and NADH
Krebs cycle yielding FADH2 and NADH
Electron transport yielding ATP using O2 or other final electron acceptors

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25
what are the differing steps of fermentation
glycolysis still occurs but pyruvate can be converted to Lactic acid (dairy), or ethanol + CO2
26
what is the microbial byproduct of alcohol fermentation
Ethanol
27
What does Cystic fibrosis cause
mutates proteins which disrupts our cells from facilitating water balance that leads to inflammation and secreting mucus from all body organs which provides footholds for bacteria
28
how does a UTI affect the way gas in the urinary tract act
glucose gets fermented by E.coli gets accumulated in the urinary tract
29
what would uncontrolled diabetes cause in the urine
uncontrolled diabetes leading to glucose sugar fermentation
30
how would you use a thioglycollate solution to determine aerobes or anaerobes
the bacteria is applied to the whole solution the region of growth determines the type of oxygen requirements
31
if you are infected by an anaerobic bacteria how would you kill the bacteria
force hyperbaric oxygen into the tissues to treat O2-sensistive bacterial infections
32
how does bacterial metabolism promote cavities
acidic pH and demineralization leading to white spot lesions, gum inflammation, erosion through the enamel, compromised mechanical stability
33
How does the body defend itself against S.mutans or other bacteria
have other microbes outcompete the pathogen to prevent it from getting a foothold in the plaque hydrolytic nature of saliva that has antibodies (IgA) microbial enzymes (lactoperoxidase)
34
how does s. mutans produce acid
S. mutans ferments the carbohydrate/sugar fuel source into lactic acid
35
how does the body defend from s. mutans sugar catabolism or demineralization
saliva, fluoride (poisons fermentation = no acid) fluoride (when present during tooth building) is incorporated into the hydroxyapatite mineral matrix which makes the tooth surface more acidic resistant
36
describe what happens when the tooth pH drops below 5.5
The mineral matrix of the tooth starts to dissolve (demineralization) and calcium and phosphate are released from the tooth surface into saliva which is either swallowed or spit out.
37
describe ways of remineralization
saliva contains calcium and phosphate fluoride to promote redeposition of the tooth to reinforce the enamel hydroxyapatite in toothpaste can redeposit onto tooth enamel
38
what classification of organisms have adapted to the most stringent nutritional strategy on earth
chemoautotrophs
39
Describe aerobic respiration's pathways
pathways: glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
40
Aerobic respiration is the primary pathway found in what type of organisms
aerobes facultative anaerobes
41
describe Anaerobic respiration’s pathways
glycolysis, krebs cycle etc
42
what aerobic respiration final electron acceptor
O2
43
what are the products of aerobic respiration
ATP, CO2, H2O
44
what is anaerobic metabolism's final electron acceptor (fermentative)
organic molecules
45
what are anaerobic metabolism products (fermentative)
ATP, CO2, ethanol, lactic acid
46
what are the pathways used in respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport
47
what are the final electron acceptors of respiration
various inorganic ions NO3- So42- Co33-
48
Describe the products of respiration
highly varies, but an include CO2, ATP, organic acids, H2S, CH4, N2
49
what are the primary users of anaerobic metabolism (fermentative)
facultative aerotolerant, strict anaerobes
50
Describe fermentation
The incomplete oxidation of glycose and other carbs in the absence of oxygen to release a small amount of ATP use of organic compounds as the terminal electron acceptors
51
how do lots of infants obtain Streptococcus mutans
through the mother once teeth develop, then bacteria can hold onto plaque
52
what causes the white spots in crevices in mouth
loss of mineral matrix hydroxyapatite as the lactic acid erodes
53
define the stephan curve
within 10 minutes of sugar water rinse, the pH of the plaque lowered meaning it became more acidic due to the lactic acid accumulation if streptococcus mutans was present
54
what counters the lactic acid accumulation or other acidic molecules in the plaque
saliva neutralizes them then is swallowed and acid is not being produced
55
describe vibrio cholerae
the bacteria found in water or food that causes Cholera (a diarrhea inducing disease) has biotypes that vary in fermentation techniques of sugar acid-sensitive
56
what are biotypes
various versions of diseases that can be discerned from one another
57
how do virbrio cholerae biotypes differ
both include glycolysis pyruvate can be process to different products 1st product: nonacidic butanediol (neutral pH) 2nd product: mixed acid fermentation pathway (lower pH)
58
what acid can be produced from mixed acid fermenataiton
lactic acid acetic acid formic acid
59
how do vibrio cholerae act in the presence of acids
strains that don't produce acidic fermentation products are favored for survival over those that acidify their environment
60
differentiate the El Tor and Classic vibrio cholerae biotypes
El Tor: non acidic fermentation that thrive (produces bunatediol) classic: uses glucose to try to make energy, but sabotages itself by making hostile acidic conditions
61
what is the result of cholera diarrhea
losing liters of water along with electrolytes and glucose
62
describe Clostridiodes difficile infection
leading cause of hospital diarrhea due to hospital endospores that germinate in gut = diarrhea
63
describe C. difficile virulence and metabolism
the epidemic strains of C. difficile (hypervirulen) metabolizes trehalose (a preservative) and causes infection
64
what is a hyper virulent strain
a disease strain with multiple species that are causing the disease causes exceptionally fatal infections
65
what is the effect of altering organisms so that they cannot metabolize trehalose
they would survive if infected with C. difficile
66
what is hydroxyapatite
a mixture of phosphate and calcium that is the primary structural component of tooth enamel
67
what is the culprit of tooth decay
lactic acid
68
what is s. mutans
part of the common oral microbiome that binds to tooth enamel and is the primary source of cavities
69
how do you treat cholera
drink a rehydration solution with electrolytes
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