1
Q
what are the components of the lymphatic system?
A
- lymphatic system
- lymphoid organs and tissues
- WBC
- cytokines
2
Q
what are the components of the lymphatic system?
A
- lymph
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic capillaries and vessels
3
Q
what are possible pathogens?
A
- viruses
- fungi
- parasitic worms
- bacteria and their toxic products
4
Q
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
A
- circulatory body fluids
- removes foreign materials from body fluids
- transports WBC
5
Q
what does lymphatic capillaries contain?
A
flaplike mini valves that permit the entry of ISF, WBC, and foreign materials into lymphatic capillaries
6
Q
what is lymph?
A
white milky protein-containing fluid, excess ISF
7
Q
what do lymphatic vessels do?
A
carries lymph from peripheral tissues back to the blood (venous circulation)
8
Q
what does the circulation of lymph via the lymphatic vessels do?
A
- regulates ISF volume
- maintains blood volume and bp
- transports WBC and foreign materials to lymph nodes
9
Q
what occurs if lymphatic drainage is blocked?
A
lymphoedema
10
Q
where are lymph nodes located?
A
along lymphatic vessels
11
Q
what do the lymph nodes do?
A
trap foreign materials
12
Q
what do WBC’s in the lymph nodes do?
A
- directly destroy foreign materials
- activate an immune response
13
Q
what do primary lymphoid organs contain?
A
stem cells that differentiate into various WBC’s of the lymphoid system
14
Q
what are secondary lymphoid organs and tissues the site of?
A
where foreign materials become trapped and destroyed or an immune response is generated
15
Q
what are examples of secondary lymphoid organs and tissues?
A
-lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, tonsils
16
Q
what are the different types of WBCs?
A
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- mast cells
- basophils
- eosinophils
- lymphocytes (natural killer cells, t and b cells)
17
Q
where are WBCs found?
A
- blood
- lymph
- lymphoid organs and tissues
18
Q
what are cytokines produced and secreted by?
A
WBC
19
Q
what do cytokines do?
A
the chemical messengers that recruit and/or activate WBC
20
Q
what are the two main immune defenses?
A
innante (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) defences
21
Q
what makes up the first line of defence?
A
surface barriers
22
Q
what makes up the second line of defence?
A
internal defences
23
Q
what makes up the third line of defence?
A
immune response
24
Q
are innate defences present at birth?
A
yes
25
what do innate defences provide?
immediate protection against any type of foreign material
26
what do innate defences aim to do?
prevent foreign materials from entering and spreading throughout the body
27
what are two types of barriers that make up surface barriers of the first line of defence?
physical and chemical barriers
28
what is the aim of the first line of defence?
prevent entry
29
what are the physical barriers of the first line of defence?
intact skin and mucous membranes
30
what are the accessory structures of the physical barriers of the first line of defence?
hair and cilia
31
what are the chemical barriers of the first line of defence?
- sweat, saliva, and tears
- sebum
- mucus
- gastric juices
32
how do tears, saliva and sweat protect against foreign materials?
cleanse body surfaces and contain lysozyme which destroys bacteria
33
how does sebum protect against foreign materials?
is an acidic skin secretion that inhibits pathogen growth and toxic to some bacteria
34
how does mucus protect against foreign materials?
traps
35
what does the second line of defence prevent?
foreign materials from spreading
36
what does the second line of defences involve?
- macrophages and neutrophils
- natural killer cells
- interferons
- complement
- pyrogens
- inflammatory response
37
what do macrophages and neutrophils do?
phagocytose and destroy all types of foreign materials via lysosomal enzymes
38
what types of cells do natural killer cells destroy?
virus-infected and cancerous cells
39
how do natural killer cells destroy?
recognise, adhere to, and destroy target cells via the release of perforins and granzymes
40
what do perforins create?
pores in target membrane allowing entry of granzymes
41
what do granzymes induce?
apoptosis
42
what do interferons inhibit?
viral replication
43
what do interferons activate?
macrophages and natural killer cells to destroy virus-infected cells and cancerous cells
44
what do complement proteins do?
- recruit macrophages and neutrophils to the site of invasion
- enhance phagocytosis by opsonisation
- directly destroy cellular targets by forming membrane attack complex= cell lysis
- enhance inflammatory response
45
what are pyrogens?
a group of proteins which reset the body's hypothalamic thermostat and increase body temp
46
how can mild or moderate fevers be beneficial?
inhibit growth of some bacteria and viruses and increase cell metabolism which accelerates immune defences
47
what is an antigen?
a molecule capable of inducing an immune response
48
what do activated t and b cells mount?
an immune response toward antigen
49
what is immunocompetence?
the ability to recognise and bind one specific antigen
50
what do T cells bind to?
membrane-bound t cell receptor
51
what do B cells bind to?
membrane-bound antibody receptor
52
what is self-tolerance?
ability to recognise self-antigens from non-self
53
where do B cells mature?
bone marrow
54
where do T cells mature?
thymus
55
what is immunological memory?
the ability to remember antigens
56
what is a cellular response mediated by?
cytotoxic T cells
57
what is humoral immune response mediated by?
B cells
58
what activates the cellular and humoral response?
helper t cell
59
what do activated helper t cells proliferate to produce antigen-specific?
effector and memory helper t cells
60
what do effector Helper T cells secrete and what does this activate?
cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells
61
what do activated cytotoxic T cells proliferate to produce?
antigen-specific effector and memory cytotoxic T cells
62
what do effector cytotoxic T cells do?
roam the body and destroy cellular antigens present by releasing perforins and granzymes
63
what do activated B cells proliferate and differentiate to produce?
plasma and memory cells
64
what do plasma cells secrete?
Ag-specific antibodies
65
what do antibodies do?
circulate in body fluids and bind to extracellular antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes
66
what do antigen-antibody complexes do?
inactivated tag antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement
67
what are the five major classes of antibodies?
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE
68
what is the primary immune response?
first antigen exposure produces a small, slow, short-lived response that doesn't protect from illness
69
what antibody class is produced first then second?
IgM then IgG
70
what is the secondary immune response?
subsequent antigen encounters produces rapid and long-lasting response that protects from illness
71
what is a vaccine?
exposure of an individual to an antigen, inactive or attenuated (weak), this provides the first antigen encounter priming body for secondary response
72
how does an immunodeficiency disease occur?
when the body's immune defences are compromised or absent and unable to mount an effective response
73
when does an autoimmune disease occur?
when the body's immune defences target normal cells and tissues
74
when does hypersensitivity occur?
when the body's immune defences respond to a harmless antigen that is perceived as a threat
75
what is immediate hypersensitivity?
acute, rapid allergic reaction
76
what is immediate hypersensitivity mediated by?
allergen-specific IgE antibodies
77
what is the treatment for immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylactic shock)?
adrenaline (epinephrine)
human structure and function
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
week 1- organelles and primary tissues63
-
week 1- protection of the brain36
-
language of anatomy56
-
the brain141
-
nervous system96
-
spinal cord106
-
autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters60
-
special senses93
-
endocrine system/hormones87
-
reproductive system117
-
musculoskeletal anatomy- bones82
-
heart anatomy and physiology80
-
circulatory system83
-
respiratory system84
-
digestive system104
-
urinary system75
-
immune system77
-
intro to pharmacology61
-
fluid and electrolytes56
-
microbes and infection67
-
MSK anatomy61
