human structure and function > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

what is the urinary system also called?

A

the renal system

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3
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

in superior lumbar region

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4
Q

what does the kidneys being retro-peritoneal organs mean?

A

they are located behind the periotoneal membrane

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5
Q

what supplies the kidneys with blood and what are these arteries derived from?

A

renal arteries, abdominal aorta

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6
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • regulating fluid and electrolyte balance
  • excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  • regulation of pH
  • maintenance of bp
  • regulation of erythropoiesis
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7
Q

what does the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance of the kidneys include?

A

solute content and therefore osmolarity of ECF

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8
Q

what is a waste product excreted by the kidneys?

A

nitrogenous wastes

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9
Q

how do the kidneys regulate pH?

A

by conserving or eliminating hydrogen

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10
Q

how do the kidneys maintain blood pressure?

A

through control of blood volume and production of renin

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11
Q

how do the kidneys regulate erythropoiesis?

A

produces hormones erythropoietin for stimulation of red blood cell production

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12
Q

what are the metabolic functions of the kidneys?

A
  • activates vitamin D

- production of new glucose through gluconeogenesis when fasting/starving

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13
Q

what are the three regions of gross anatomy?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis
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14
Q

what is the renal cortex?

A

outer region containing cortical nephrons

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15
Q

what is the renal medulla?

A

cone shaped tissue called renal pyramids

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16
Q

what is the renal pelvis?

A

funnel shape continuous with ureter

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17
Q

what does the renal pelvis drain?

A

drains papillae into minor calyces, then into major calyces

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18
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

nephron

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19
Q

what does a nephron consist of?

A

renal corpuscle and tubule

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20
Q

what is the renal corpuscle of a nephron composed of?

A

tight collection of capillaries called glomerulus

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21
Q

what is the renal corpuscle of the nephron specialised for?

A

filtration

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22
Q

what occurs in the renal tubule of the nephron?

A

reabsorption and secretion

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23
Q

what do nephrons drain into?

A

collecting duct

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24
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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25
where are cortical nephrons found?
renal cortex
26
what percentage of nephrons are cortical?
85%
27
what percentage of nephrons are juxtamedullary?
15%
28
what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for forming?
concentrated urine
29
what is the renal corpuscle of the nephron specialised for?
filtration
30
what occurs in the renal tubule of the nephron?
reabsorption and secretion
31
what do nephrons drain into?
collecting duct
32
what are the two types of nephrons?
cortical and juxtamedullary
33
where are cortical nephrons found?
renal cortex
34
what percentage of nephrons are cortical?
85%
35
what percentage of nephrons are juxtamedullary?
15%
36
what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for forming?
concentrated urine
37
what are the three components of nephron blood supply?
- glomerular capillaries - peritubular capillaries - vasa recta
38
where are glomerular capillaries located?
within renal corpuscle
39
what are glomerular capillaries specialised for?
filtration
40
what do peritubular capillaries readily absorb?
solutes and water from tubule cells
41
what is the vasa recta important for?
forming concentrated urine
42
what are the three major processes of urine production?
- glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion
43
whats the equation for urine production?
filtration+ secretion - reabsorption
44
is glomerular filtration a passive/active/or both process?
passive
45
is tubular reabsorption a passive/active/or both process?
passive or active
46
is tubular secretion a passive/active/or both process?
active
47
what does the filtration membrane of the glomerular consist of?
- glomerular capillaries - basement membrane - podocytes
48
is basement membrane in the filtration membrane of the glomerular negatively or positively charged?
negative
49
what are glomerular capillaries composed of?
fenestrated endothelium
50
what is the basement membrane of the glomerular filtration membrane?
thin gel-like membrane between two cellular layers
51
what are podocytes of the glomerular filtration membrane composed of?
thin epithelium
52
what do podocytes of the glomerular filtration membrane form?
cellular sheets with many filtration slits
53
what is filtration of solutes from blood determined by?
size and charge
54
does glomerular filtration consume metabolic energy?
no
55
what does glomerular filtration result in?
positive net filtration pressure
56
what drives glomerular filtration?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
57
what is glomerular filtration?
a non-selective process in which hydrostatic bp forces fluid through glomerular filtration membrane into capsule
58
what are the three forces determining filtration pressure?
- glomerular hydrostatic pressure - glomerular colloid osmotic pressure - capsular hydrostatic pressure
59
whats the equation for net filtration pressure?
GHP - (GCOP + CHP)
60
what is glomerular filtration rate?
total volume of filtrate formed each min
61
what are factors that determine GFR?
- net filtration pressure - total surface area - filtration membrane permeability
62
what is the equation for GFR?
NFP x SA x PERM
63
what is tubular reabsorption?
selective process that reclaims most of the filtrate formed during glomerular filtration
64
when does tubular reabsorption start?
as soon as filtrate enters proximal tubule
65
what cells carry out most reabsorption in the urinary system?
proximal tubule cells
66
what are substances that are reclaimed during tubular reabsorption?
- water - glucose - amino acids - electrolytes
67
what hormones are able to fine tune reabsorption at DT and CD?
- ADH - Aldosterone - Atrial natriuretic peptide
68
what does ADH do in the urinary system?
inhibits diuresis
69
what does aldosterone do in the urinary system?
stimulates cells in DT (primarily) and CD to reabsorb more Na+
70
what does ANP do in the urinary system?
inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water in the DT and CD
71
what occurs in the nephron loop?
reabsorption of water and solutes
72
what is tubular secretion?
selective process moving substances from blood into filtrate
73
where does tubular secretion occur?
along length of tubule
74
what is tubular secretion important for?
- removal of unwanted substances - elimination of excess K+ - maintenance of blood pH through removal of H+
75
what is GFR closely regulated in order to?
- remove nitrogenous wastes from blood - remove excess solutes and water - ensure body tissues have constant blood volume/pressure
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