1
Q
what are the three main functions that maintain homeostasis in the nervous system?
A
- sensory function
- integrative function
- motor function
2
Q
what does sensory function detect?
A
sensory input
3
Q
what does integrative function analyse and interpret?
A
sensory input and determines appropriate responses
4
Q
what does motor function issue?
A
motor output to activate an effector
5
Q
what is sensory input detected by?
A
general and special sensory receptors
6
Q
where are general sensory receptors located?
A
skin, skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and visceral organs
7
Q
what are the types of general sensory receptors?
A
- thermoreceptors
- nociceptors
- mechanoreceptors
8
Q
what do thermoreceptors detect?
A
changes in temp
9
Q
what do nociceptors detect?
A
painful stimuli
10
Q
what are the different types of mechanoreceptors?
A
- tactile receptors
- baroreceptors
- proprioceptors
11
Q
what do tactile receptors detect?
A
touch, pressure and vibration stimuli
12
Q
what do baroreceptors detect?
A
changes in blood pressure
13
Q
what do proprioceptors detect?
A
changes in body position
14
Q
where are special sensory receptors located?
A
eyes, ears, mouth and nose
15
Q
what are the types of special sensory receptors?
A
- photoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors called hair cells
16
Q
what do photoreceptors detect?
A
light (vision)
17
Q
what do chemoreceptors detect?
A
chemicals in solution (taste and smell)
18
Q
what do special sensory mechanoreceptors (hair cells) detect?
A
hearing and balance stimuli
19
Q
what is motor output?
A
activates a specific muscle or gland to cause a response
20
Q
what does the CNS consist of?
A
brain and spinal cord
21
Q
what does the PNS consist of?
A
sensory receptors and the cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves that link all parts of the body to the CNS
22
Q
what are the two functional divisions of the PNS?
A
sensory and motor division
23
Q
what does the sensory division convey?
A
sensory input from receptors to the CNS
24
Q
what does the motor division convey?
A
conveys motor output from the CNS to a muscle or gland
25
what does the autonomic nervous system convey?
'automatic' motor output from the CNS to the body's glands, cardiac and smooth muscles
26
what does the somatic nervous system convey?
'somatic' motor output from the CNS to body's skeletal muscles
27
what does sympathetic division control?
'fight or flight' activities
28
what does sympathetic division activate?
activates body functions that support physical activity and inhibit those that don't eg. increase heart rate
29
what are the two functional systems of motor division?
autonomic and somatic nervous systems
30
what are the two functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic division
31
what does parasympathetic division control?
rest and digest
32
what is neural tissue mostly composed of?
neuroglia and neurons
33
what are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?
- satellite cells
| - schwann cells
34
what are the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS?
- ependymal cells
- oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes
- microglia
35
what are the four common parts of a neuron?
- dendrites
- cell body
- axon (fibre)
- axon terminals
36
are dendrites involved in short or long processes?
short
37
what is the main receptive area of a neuron?
dendrites
38
what does the dendrites convert info they receive into?
graded potential
39
where does graded potential generated by the dendrites travel to to be integrated?
cell body
40
where does the cell body convey info to after it is graded?
initial segment
41
what is the conducting region of a neuron?
axon
42
where are action potentials generated and conducted in a neuron?
axon
43
what does myelin increase?
speed of signal conduction
44
what are segments of myelin separated by?
bypasses called nodes of ranvier
45
what do axon terminal form with another cell?
synapse
46
what is the secretory region of a neuron?
axon terminals
47
what does the axon terminals contain?
contain synaptic vesicles which store and release neurotransmitters
48
what are neuron cell bodies clustered in the CNS called?
nuclei (nucleus)
49
what are neuron cell bodies clustered in the PNS called?
ganglia (ganglion)
50
what are neuron axons that are bundled together in the CNS called?
tracts
51
what are neuron axons that are bundled together in the PNS called?
nerves
52
what are the different structural classifications of neurons?
- multipolar
- bipolar
- unipolar
53
where are multipolar neurons found?
CNS and PNS
54
where are bipolar neurons found?
special sense organs (rare)
55
where are unipolar neurons found?
PNS
56
what type of structure are sensory neurons?
unipolar
57
what type of structure are interneurons?
multipolar
58
what do sensory neurons do?
conduct sensory input from receptors to the CNS
59
what do interneurons do?
conduct info within the CNS
60
what do motor neurons do?
conduct motor output away from CNS to a muscle or gland
61
what type of structure are motor neurons?
multipolar
62
what type of neurons conduct somatic motor output?
lower motor neurons
63
what type of neurons conduct automatic motor output?
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
64
what does potential energy =?
voltage
65
is the interior of the membrane positive or negative?
negative
66
is the exterior of the membrane positive or negative?
positive
67
what is the membrane potential?
the potential energy separating the charges of the interior and exterior
68
when does a change in membrane potential occur?
when ions flow through specific ion channels across membrane
69
what are the two main types of ion channels?
leakage and gated channels
70
what are the types of gated channels?
- chemically
- mechanically
- voltage-gated channels
71
what does a chemically-gated channel open in response to?
a chemical stimulus eg. neurotransmitter
72
where are chemically-gated channels located on a neuron?
dendrites and cell body
73
what does a mechanically-gated channel open in response to?
a mechanical stimulus eg. touch, vibration and pressure
74
what does a voltage-gated channel open and close in response to?
voltage changes
75
where are mechanically-gated channels located on a neuron?
dendrites
76
where are voltage-gated channels located on a neuron?
axon and axon terminals
77
what is the resting membrane potential?
approx -70mV
78
what are the two types of signals of the nervous system?
- graded potential
| - action potential (nerve impulses)
79
is a graded potential a short or long distance signal?
short
80
is an action potential a short or long distance signal?
long
81
where do graded potentials originate?
dendrites or cell body
82
what does the graded potential stimulate?
voltage-gated Na+ channels to open
83
where do action potentials originate?
initial segment
84
what type of gated channels are involved with graded potential?
chemically or mechanically-gated channels
85
what type of gated channels are involved with action potential?
voltage-gated channels
86
what happens to the membrane potential when depolarisation occurs?
becomes less negative
87
what is the threshold of depolarisation?
-55mV
88
what occurs at the threshold during depolarisation?
voltage-gated Na+ channels at initial segment open and Na+ ions diffuse into ICF
89
during repolarisation at a membrane potential of +30mV what occurs?
voltage-gated Na+ channels close and voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ ions diffuse out of ICF
90
after K+ ions leave the ICF what happens to the membrane potential?
loss of positive ions returns the membrane potential to -70mV
91
what happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarisation?
becomes more negative and shifts from -70mV to -90mV
92
what occurs during hyperpolarisation?
voltage-gated K+ channels slowly close
93
where does continuous conduction occur?
unmyelinated axons
94
where does saltatory conduction occur?
myelinated axons
95
where are action potentials generated in continuous conduction?
voltage-gated channels along length of axon
96
where are action potentials generated in saltatory conduction?
nodes of ranvier
human structure and function
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
week 1- organelles and primary tissues63
-
week 1- protection of the brain36
-
language of anatomy56
-
the brain141
-
nervous system96
-
spinal cord106
-
autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters60
-
special senses93
-
endocrine system/hormones87
-
reproductive system117
-
musculoskeletal anatomy- bones82
-
heart anatomy and physiology80
-
circulatory system83
-
respiratory system84
-
digestive system104
-
urinary system75
-
immune system77
-
intro to pharmacology61
-
fluid and electrolytes56
-
microbes and infection67
-
MSK anatomy61
