FMS > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

open-system

A

various inputs such as oxygen, food, and water are inputs whereas waste and carbon dioxide are outputs

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2
Q

innate immunity system

A

physical barriers
ready to repel microbes
clean up debris and dying cells
responds rapidly
targets molecular patterns widely shared among microbes

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3
Q

several key phagocytic cells: tissue macrophages

A

first to encounter invaders

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4
Q

several key phagocytic cells: neutrophils

A

migrate into damaged tissue and contribute to inflammation

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5
Q

several key phagocytic cells: dendritic cells

A

carry away microbial material to the lymph nodes or spleen where they activate the adaptive immune response

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6
Q

several key phagocytic cells: monocytes

A

can be recruited to take on the role played by macrophages or dendritic cells

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7
Q

proinflammatory signals are produced that can

A
  1. activate cells to kill the invader and recruit other immune cells to the area
  2. block the infection from causing disease beyong the local site of inflammation
  3. repair the damaged barrier
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8
Q

cells that exert proinflammatory signals

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs ex. dendritic cells), granulocytes, and innate lymphocytes called NK cells

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9
Q

acute-phase response

A

rapid systemic increase in various plasma proteins in response to innate inflammation
fever, malaise, elevated heart rate, loss of appetite commonly associated w infection

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10
Q

acquired immunity

A

ability of lymphocytes to produce antibodies (in the case of B cells) or cell-surface receptors (in the case of T cells) that are specific for one of million of foreign agents

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11
Q

acquired immunity has two components

A

humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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12
Q

humoral (antibody mediated response)

A

B cells that recognize antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood

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13
Q

cell-mediated response

A

mostly T cells and responds to any cell that displays aberrant MHC markers, including cells invaded by pathogens, tumor cells, or transplanted cells

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14
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatability complex: a group of genes and the cell-surface proteins they code for, crucial for the immune system to recognize “self” versus “non-self” (pathogens or abnormal cells)

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15
Q

neutrophil

A
  1. attracted to the endothelial surface by cell adhesion molecules known as selections and they roll along it
  2. bind firmly to integrins and insinuate themselves through the walls of the capillaries by diapedesis (eosinophils also same with step 1-2)
  3. many of those that leave the circulation enter the gastrointestinal tract and are eventually lost from the body
    half life is only 6 hours
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16
Q

chemotaxis

A

invasion of the body by bacteria triggers the production of chemotaxis that attract neutrophils to the site of infection or injury
1. C5a
2. leukotrienes
3. chemokine polypeptides

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17
Q

C5a

A

protein fragment from the complement system that signals neutrophils to move towards the source of infection

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18
Q

Leukotrienes

A

inflammatory molecules produced by various cells, including neutrophils, that also attract neutrophils

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19
Q

chemokine polypeptides

A

small proteins released by lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils that guide neutrophils to the site of infection

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20
Q

opsonization

A

plasma factors coat the bacteria to make them “tasty” to phagocytes

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21
Q

principal opsonins are

A

immunoglobulin G and complement proteins

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22
Q

in opsonization the coated bacteria bind

A

to G protein coupled receptors on the neutrophil membrane which triggers increased motor activity of the cell, exocytosis, and the respiratory burst

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23
Q

exocytosis

A

neutrophil granules discharge their contents into phagocytic vacuoles containing bacteria and also into the interstitial space (degranulation)

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24
Q

defensins (neutrophil granules)

A

these granules contain various proteases plus antimicrobial proteins

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25
cell membrane bound enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase
active, with the production of toxic oxygen metabolites
26
combination of toxic oxygen metabolites and the proteolytic enzymes from the granules
makes the neutrophil a very effective killing machine for bacteria but may also cause local destruction of host tissue (remember ROS)
27
neutrophils vs eosinophils attraction
bacteria vs allergens, toxins, parasites
28
interleukins
a group of proteins that act as chemical messengers between white blood cells and other cells in the body, stimulates eosinophils maturation and activation in tissues
29
eosinophils are abundant in
the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts
30
basophils release histamine and other inflammatory mediators when activated by binding of
antigens to cell-fixed IgE molecules and participate in immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions
31
allergens
antigens that trigger IgE formation, are innocuous (not harmful or offensive) to most individuals
32
basophils first exposure to something harmless
body created special tags (IgE antibodies for these substances) and these tags stick to basophils
33
basophils later exposure to the same thing
allergen comes back triggers the tags (IgE) on the basophils basophils release histamine histamine causes allergy symptoms
34
mast cells
heavily granulated connective tissue cells that are abundant beneath epithelial surfaces granules contain proteoglycans, histamine, and many proteases
35
mast cells are involved in inflammatory responses initiated by
immunoglobulins IgE and IgG and release TNF-a in response to bacterial products by an antibody-independent mechanism, participating in innate immunity
36
monocytes
enter the blood from the bone marrow, circulate for about 72 hours become macrophages in tissue persist in tissue for about 3 months
37
macrophages are activated by
cytokines released from T lymphocytes activated macrophages migrate in response to chemotactic stimuli and engulf and kill bacteria by processes generally similar to those occurring in neutrophils
38
dendritic cells
develop from monocytes, specialized immune cells that patrol tissues, capture potential threatens, and then travel to lymph notes where they present these captured threats to T cells this presentation process is crucial because it helps T cells learn what to fight against
39
APCs
specialized dendritic cells in the lymph nodes and spleen and the Langerhans dendritic cells in the skin macrophages and B cells themselves can also function as APCs
40
what happens in APCs
polypeptide products of antigen digestion are coupled to the HLA protein products of the major histocompatability complex (MHC) genes and presented on the surface of the cell
41
memory cells
are readily converted to effector ells by a later encounter with the same antigen this accelerated response to a second antigen is a key characteristic of acquired immunity
42
cytokines
hormone-like molecules that regulate immune responses, main role is cell signaling
43
chemokine
superfamily of cytokines, substances that attract neutrophils and other WBCs to areas of inflammation or immune response
44
complement system
group of proteins that work together to enhance the ability to fight infections, plays a role in both innate and adaptive immunity
45
activation
1. classical pathway 2. lectin pathway 3. alternative pathway each pathway involved different initiating factors but they all converge on a common terminal pathway
46
complement functions
opsonization: coat pathogens, making them recognizable to phagocytes inflammation: attract immune cells to the site of infection and increase vascular permeability cell lysis
47
cell lysis
terminal pathway forms a membrane attack complex (MAC) that can create pores in the membranes of pathogens, leading to their destruction
48
regulation of complement system
prevent excess activation, which could lead to tissue damage. regulatory proteins help control the system by inhibiting certain steps in the cascade
49
complement system interacts with
other parts of the immune system such as antibodies and phagocytes to enhance their effectiveness
50
immunoglobulins
glycoproteins produced by plasma cells neutralizing some toxins by blocking attachment of viruses and bacteria to cells opsonizing bacteria activating complement
51
which of the Ig is the only one that crosses placenta
IgG
52
function of IgM
main antibody of primary response, best at fixing complement, monomer form serves as B cell receptor
53
function of IgG
main blood antibody of secondary responses, neutralizes toxins, opsonization
54
function of IgA
secreted into mucus, tears, saliva, colostrum
55
function of IgE
antibody of allergy and anti parasitic activity
56
function of IgD
B cell receptor
57
Ig percentage of total antibody in serum
IgM: 6 % IgG: 80% IgA: 13% IgE: 0.002% IgD: 1%
58
goblet cells and secretory glands
produce mucus that traps pathogens
59
ciliated cells
moves mucus up the mucociliary escalator to be expectorated during coughing
60
cystic fibrosis
abnormal epithelial chloride and bicarbonate transport disrupts surface liquid homeostasis, preventing effective mucus clearances that leads to chronic inflammation, bronchiectasis, and recurrent bacterial infections
61
immunodeficiency can occur in any of the four major components of the immune system
B cells T cells complement phagocytes
62
suspect immunodeficiency
in patient with a history of infections that are unusually frequent, severe, or caused by unusual organisms patters can indicate which component might be defective
63
most immunodeficiencies are
acquired, frequently caused by immunosuppressive medications or diseases that suppress immunity. less common: congenital immunodeficiencies
64
acquired immunodeficiencies
aging pregnancy medications chronic conditions certain cancers, particularly malignancies of hematopoietic cells
65
acquired T cell deficiencies
AIDS present with opportunistic infections caused by certain pathogens due to reduced helper T cell numbers caused by infection with the retrovirus HIV
66
acquired B cell deficiences
malnutrition asplenia
67
malnutrition
reduce supply of amino acids and reduce synthesis of IgG and reduce synthesis of complement proteins by the liver, predisposes to infection by bacteria.
68
asplenia
splenectomy -> antibody responses to new antigens are generally suppressed
69
acquired complement diseases
liver failure malnutrition
70
liver failure
caused by alcoholic cirrhosis or by chronic hepatitis B or C can reduce synthesis of complement proteins by the liver to a level that allows severe pyogenic infections to occur
71
acquired phagocyte deficiences
neutropenia: low circulating neutrophils common causes include cytotoxic drugs, such as those used in cancer
72
stem cell transplantation
permanent cure for several forms of life threatening immunodeficiency can be harvested through bone marrow or obtained from a placenta at birth
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