Immunity

Question 1

Innate Immune System

Answer 1

Already have it
the first two lines of defense
typically used for simple infections

Question 2

Innate Immune System: First line of defense

Answer 2

Using a mechanical “wall” including skin and mucous membranes

Question 3

First line of defense: Skin

Answer 3

The skin protects the body by simply acting as an air-tight keratinized seal

Question 4

First line of defense: Mucous membranes

Answer 4

The mucous membranes relies on mucoid secretions to trap potential pathogens

Question 5

Innate Immune System: Second line of defense

Answer 5

Inflammation and phagocytic leukocytes

Question 6

Innate Immune System: Inflammation

Answer 6

Inflammation acts as a warning siren that indicates a breach in immunity
Signals a large amount of WBC to gather at the site of inflammation to fight off the attacking antigens

Question 7

Innate Immune System: Phagocytosis

Answer 7

Neutrophils and Monocytes will engulf pathogens

Question 8

Innate Immune System: Fever

Answer 8

An environment too hot for pathogens to survive

Question 9

Innate Immune System: Macrophages

Answer 9

Monocytes that have left the bloodstream and enter any tissue
Can be fixed or mobile

Question 10

Adaptive Immune System

Answer 10

• Specific
• Utilized when the innate immune system cannot control or contain an infection
• B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
• Does not work unless previously infected by the target pathogen

Question 11

Adaptive Immune System: B-Lymphocytes

Answer 11

• Specialized lymphocytes
• Involved with producing antibodies
• Mature in bone marrow
• Have a higher level of recognition than neutrophils and monocytes, which allows them to recognize a specific antigen as an invader and a body cell as a natural inhabitant

Question 12

First-time infection

Answer 12

1. An antigen is introduced into the body
2. Macrophages capture and break down the antigen
3. The antigen parts are presented to a young B-lymphocyte
4. The lymphocyte develops a special surface and antibodies that specifically target the antigen

Question 13

Second-time infection

Answer 13

1. The same antigen returns to the body and binds to the corresponding B-lymphocyte before infecting other tissues
2. The lymphocyte then activates and differentiates into two types: Plasma Cells and Memory Cells

Question 14

Plasma Cells

Answer 14

Secretes antibodies that circulate the bloodstream to find surface receptors for the antigens

Question 15

Memory Cells

Answer 15

Retains the genetic information of the antigen for future protection

Question 16

Adaptive Immune System: T-Lymphocytes

Answer 16

Specialized lymphocytes
Produces Cytokines
Matures in the thymus
Needs to be introduced to an antigen by a macrophage or dendritic cell
once it has the necessary antigen marker it releases cytokines

Question 17

Cytokines

Answer 17

A protein chemical messenger to call in other T and B cells to the area