name the three categories of traits and name those traits (altruism)
1 - traits directly assessing altruism:
- self report altruism scale SRA
- subjective value orientation SVO
2- traits directly assessing mechanism of altruism
- norms of reciprocity
- intuitive processing
- impression management
3 - traits assessing precursors of the above
- big 5
- empathy
- emotional processing
- Bis/Bas
- just world beliefs
- fairness
who is the main guy in personality and altruism
James heckman
describe the self reported altruism scale SRA
- rushton
- looks at unconditional altruism
- i have given directions to a stranger
- i have offered my seat on a bus
- i have given blood
- i have donated to charity
discuss johnsons 1989 types of altruistic behaviour
time and effort
e.g. blood
time
e.g. directions
money/goods
risk
e.g. defending someone you dont know from an attacker
loss of status
e.g. lying to someone for their own good
discuss social value orientation (SVO) in altruism
the stable preference for certain outcomes for self and others
prosocials:
- maximise outcomes for self and others (cooperation)
- minimize differences between self and others (equality)
individualists:
- maximise for self, little regard for others
competitors:
- maximise self relative others
- seek relative advantage over others
discuss SVO assessment
- decomposed games
- ## metaanalysis by balliet 2009 suggests prosocials more likely to cooperate (r=0.3) effect stronger when not paid (0.4) compaired to paid (0.2)
discuss SVO and personal sacrifice
- willingness to make personal sacrifice is higher if
- committed to relationship
- satisfied with relationship
- invested
- fewer alternatives obviously
- association is stronger for individualists (maximise wellbeing of both)
discuss norm of reciprocity scale
- perugini 2003
- general reciprocity: to help someone is the best policy to be certin they will help you in future
negative reciprocity: if someone offends me wll offend them back (negative correlation with fairness, forgiveness, empathy, agreeableness
positive reciprocity: if someoe does a favour for me I am ready to return it (correlates with fairness, empathy and agreeableness)
discuss altruism and FFM
- 5 factor model
- agreeableness is key
- trusting, straightforward, altruistic, compliant, modest. these are things this dimension is about
- its correlated with altruism
discuss metaalysis of personality and altruism
- 56 papers
- across cooperation and norm enforcement games
- large effect size for agreeableness of FFM, HIH, strong negative correlation with psychopathology
altruism, personality domains or facets?
- most studies focus on domains but prob need to move to facets
- because facets may be more reliable - Camerer and Thaler 1995 found bargaining game was more about politeness, manners etc more than altruism so would be more useful to find a construct of preferences rather than a domain
dicuss BAS and altruism
- Scheres & Sanfey
- strategic responses
- ultimatium game and dictator game and the discrepency between the two
- bigger UG-DG discrepancy shows greater strategic respnding
- BAS-RR no association with UG, negative association with DG and positive association with UG-DG difference
Skatova & Ferguson 2011
- high bas is all about maximising rewards for self
- so bas should predict lower contributions and bis greater
- true story
- high BAS gave less or 0 when they knew others in their group had given a lot
- high BIS were cooperative and contributed something even when others in their group had given a lot
RST ad responsiveness to punishment
- Skatova & Ferguson 2013
- one shot public goods games
- either a told free riders will be punished and they are, or told free riders will be and theyre not
- BIS-anxiety associated with less free riding when punishment is not implimented because its linked to appraisals undrer uncertainty
big 5, punishment and altruism
- Schroeder 2015
- 184 p’s did big5 index and played 10 ronds of a PGG wiithout punishment and 10 rounds with punishment
- High E (like bas) maximised profits by freeriding when punishment is absent and coooperate when punishment is present
- high N (like bis) should cooperate more in the prescence of punishment
- yes they found that
Discuss Davis’ model of empathy (altruism)
- Perspective taking: other oriented, adopting viewpoint of others, associated with higher self-esteem and more successful social interactions
- Empathic concern: other oriented, sympathy and concern for others, linked to emotional reactivity
- Fantasy: self-oriented, take on actions ad feelings of fictional characters, associated with emotionality
- personal distress: self oriented, distress experienced because of others’ distress, associated with lower self-esteem
Discuss Penner’s model of empathy (altruism)
- 7 primary traits: empathic concerns, perspective taking, personal distress, altruism, responsibility, other oriented moral reasoning, mutual concerns moral reasoning
- two super-traits: other oriented empathy (all of above minus the two in the next categ.) helpfulness: personal distress and altruism
discuss emotional contagion and altruism
- is it empathy if you feel others emotions but its via a contagion e.g. picking up on mood of a room such as feeling happier when someone smiles at you
discuss altruism and emotional expressivity
- empathy and helping rrequires the person is able to express their emotions ad feelings
- its about self (empathiser) and other (empathee)
- individual differences in hw well others express their emotuons
altruism and BJW
- belief in a just world
- the world is stable orderly and logical, good things happen to god people
or beleif in an unjust world: innocent are punished, the guilty go free and deserving are not rewarded, linked to antisocial behaviour - so BJW should be related to helping. should help those more who have been helpful in the past, should be strong reciprocators
- Edlund 2007 found this to be true
discuss heritability and the ultimatum game
- 324 twin pairs
- wallace 2007
- genetic variation accounted for 42% of the variation in responder rejection rate in UG
are prosocial preferences stable across time?
- Yes
- says Volk 2012 who looked three times spaning 5 month total
