1
Q
types of planned helping
A
- sustained volunteerism (working for charity etc, observable)
- blood/organ donation (organ can be living or posthumous, anonymous or known)
- sustained financial donations (observable or private)
2
Q
Omoto and Snyder 2002 volunteer process model
A
- considers the individual and the organisation as well as the social system
- also how these relate to each other and influence experiences of the helper and the consequences for the helper
- so what makes people volunteer? what are these people like? what do they experience when volunteering? what influence does the organisation have on their experience?
3
Q
Functional (motivational) model of volunteerism (clary and snyder 1999)
A
- for the individuals motivations are key and these motivations act to initiate, direct and sustain action
- different people in the same volunteer roles have different motives, this is called the function-action plurality
- sustained volunteerism depends on matching the individuals motivations to situations that meet their motivational needs (matching hypothesis)
4
Q
functions served by volunteering
A
- values e.g. to help others (true altruism)
- understanding e.g. gain experience
- enhancement e.g. confidence (egoism)
- career e.g. get involved in a career path (egoism)
- social e.g people i know volunteer here (reputation building)
- protective e.g. to reduce negative feelins such as guilt or to escape own troubles (negative state relief)
5
Q
empathy and volunteering
A
- those who score high in empathy volunteer for longer
- but so do those who find the work more satisfying
- empathic concern: preference for helping in sympathy inducing situations e.g. working with children or animals. empathic concern predicts helping in sympathy contexts (Davis 1999)
- avoiding personal distress: preference for avoiding distress inducing e.g. the terminally ill, rape victims. personal distress predicts avoiding helping in distressing contexts (Davis 1999)
6
Q
the big 5 and planned helping
A
- metanalysis by lodi-smith & roberts 2007
- significant affect of conscientiousess - makes sense a people need to be dedicated, methodical and organised
- ## few research used agreeableness which is surprising
7
Q
blood donation background
A
- can be single or repeated
- costly to self, benefits a stranger
- external reward not present
- open to free-riding
- understanding why people donate blood relies on understanding the mechanisms of biology, economics and psychology of altruism
- Ferguson 2015 calls this the Mechanism of Altruism (MOA) approach
8
Q
what factors influence blood donation?
A
- personality
- motivations
- social norms
- warm glow (economics) - it makes you feel good
- costly signals (sexual selection signal of health and kindness)
- incentives (e.g. free health check)
9
Q
blood donation and conscientiousness
A
- ferguson 2006
- high in c who have been donating for several years are likely to donate more frequently and for loger periods of time (but might just reflect organisational skills)
- so a seems to be linked to altruism in economic games but c seems important for actually following through and doing it regularly
- ferguson & bibby 2002 show intentions only important first/occasional donors but not for experienced donors, (5 or more) so its like habit kicks in
10
Q
dutch donor insight project
A
- TPB, self efficacy, trust, altruism, moral and social norms
- 15,000 donors aged 18 to 70
- identified 3 motivational factors
- reluctant altruism - donation is important and should happen but i dont trust otherss to do it
- warmglow: feel good, avoid guilt and be seen as good
- pure altruism: unconditional helping
11
Q
conditional cooperatio and reluctant altruism
A
- these people will cooperate more when others dont, when enough start to free ride they will do it
- makes a sort of hump shape in own contribution/other group members contribution graphs
12
Q
warm glow and bood donation
A
- hedonism (free cup of tea, biscuit etc)
- benevolence, makes e feel good
- kinship - help if my family needs aa donation
- altruism, giving blood saves lives
- use economic games to assess rather than self-report as not biased
13
Q
warm glow charity dictator game
A
- fuerguson 2015
- blood donors give more money than non-donors in warm glow tasks but not in standard charity dictator games
- so looks like blood donors are generally warm glow givers
14
Q
blood donation studies implications for interventions
A
- either a positive (what it can do for you)
- or negative (stopping diseases etc)
- lacetera 2011, reward of a voucher. no of donations increases as value of voucher increases
15
Q
opt out or opt in organ donation
A
- 48 countries, deceased and living dnation rates, 13 years
- shepherd, o’carroll & ferguson 2014
- more living donations for opt in
- more deceased donations for opt out
- but slightly more overall for opt out
16
Q
anticipated regret
A
- emotional frames/primes and organ donor registrations
- so if i dont act now i will regret this in the future
- 3 conditions: control theory of planed bejaviour. anticipared regret
- follow up 1 month later and asked if registered as a donor
- TPB group least, then control, then AR who had the most!
17
Q
eckel and grossman CDD
A
- DG usually 10%
- CDG usually 30%
- ## community samples give more than student samples
18
Q
is blood donatio related to other kinds of altruism
A
- no
- bekkers 2008 blood donation and charitable giving unrelated
- lee 1999 blood donation unrelated to donation of time or money, but time and money themselves are related
19
Q
is charitable giving predicted by the same variables
A
- no
- past behaviour important for blood donation
- as is contientiousness
- but agreeableness key to giving money to charities
- empathic concern is linked to philanthropy but not blood donation
- prosocial value orientation predits philanthropy but not blood donation
Altruism
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
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