individual differences Final Exam Flashcards

Question

how temperament is assessed

Answer 1

1. behavioural genetics (twin studies) 2. molecular genetics 3. questionnaire 4. lab observation 5. cog + motor tasks 6. interviews 7. neuroscience (brain structure, functions etc)

Answer 2

1. affect 2. activity 3. attention 4. sensory sensitivity

Answer 3

1. threshold 2. response inensity 3. duration 4. recovery 5. latencies

Answer 4

1. general disposition 2. motor activity 3. rhythmicity 4. response to new object 5. adaptability 6. sensitivity 7. intensity of responses 8. distractibility 9. persistence in activity

Answer 5

for good kid dev parenting should be tailored to kid's temperament

Answer 6

1. easy children (resilient) 2. difficult children (undercontrolled /resistant to control) 3. slow to warm up (overcontrolled) uncategorised others

Answer 7

1. toddler temperament scale (1-3 yrs) 2. behavioural style questionnaire (3-7yrs) 3. middle childhood temperament (8-12yrs)

Answer 8

- focus on heritability 1. emotionality -> distress, fear, anger 2. activity -> tempo + vigor 3. sociability -> others, sharing, attention

Answer 9

- measures emotionality, activity and sociability/shyness - traits stable between 3-6

Answer 10

individ diff in reactivity + self-regulation influences by genes, maturation and experience

Answer 11

1. appetitive -> approach behaviour 2. defensive -> response to novel stimuli 3. frustrative/aggressive ->defensive 4. affiliative -> regulate social behaviours

Answer 12

1. vigilance ->adjustment of alertness 2. posterior attentional -> flexible shifts of attention 3. anterior attentional -> effortful control

Answer 13

1. surgency 2. negative affectivity 3. effortful control

Answer 14

1. cannabis -> aggression + inattention (girls) 2. stress -> antisocial + anxiety 3. smoking -> ADHD (boys)

Answer 15

1. impulsivity + inattention 2. inhibition /fearfulness

Answer 16

1. gender 2. family 3. context 4. parenting 5. non-maternal childcare 6. peer relations

Answer 17

- inhibition depends on nervous system - weak nervous system -> low threshold for inhibition

Answer 18

- ascending reticular activating system balances inhibition + excitation 1. extroversion 2. neuroticism 3. psychoticism - pretty heritable

Answer 19

- high extroversion means less reactive to cortical excitation - low extroversion means normally high arousal -> low optimal arousal levels

Answer 20

sensitive to autonomous nervous system + limbic - neurotics: high arousal to emo stimuli from reticular limbic system

Answer 21

- less MAOA production (regulations norepinephrine + serotonin) - parental maltreatment effect only in kids with less MAOA

Answer 22

BIS and BAS lead to fight or flight reactions - high BAS -> impulsivity - high BIS -> anxiety - FFS = fight/flight

Answer 23

1. neuroticism-anxiety 2. sociability 3. activity 4. aggression-hostility 5. impulsivity/sensation seeking

Answer 24

- negatively correlated to agreeableness - heritable only in males - related to MAOA gene ONLY in maltreated kids + 5HIAA

Answer 25

- high heritability 0.58 - depends mostly on environment (especially in religious kids) - higher in males but goes down for both genders the older you get - dopamine D4 receptor

Answer 26

1. thrill / adventure seeking 2. experience-seeking 3. disinhibition 4. boredom susceptibility

Answer 27

1. PANAS (positive + neg affect) 2. EPQ-R (Eysencks 3) 3. SPSRQ (Grey's) 4. RST-PQ (Grey's) 5. Sensation seeking scale

Answer 28

adult temperament seen in expressive characteristics of temperament 1. sensitivity to stimulation 2. energy

Answer 29

1. sanguine *high endurance *low emotional reactivity *high activity 2. melancholic *low endurance *high emo reactivity *low activity

Answer 30

3. phlegmatic *high enduance *low emo reactivity *low activity 4. choleric *low endurance *high emo reactivity *high activity

Answer 31

1. stressors not dependent on individual (war eg) 2. stressors dependent on individual (marital issues) 3. coping strategies 4. state of stress (changes in health)

Answer 32

- first to develop - for kids to see what kids need more support - lacked standardisation to compare across populations

Answer 33

- Alpha test = verbal - Beta test = non-verbal if you failed alpha (most immigrants did)

Answer 34

- inventor of IQ! IN WROCLAW! - good for measuring kids but not adults

Answer 35

- against Stern's IQ score - set up IQ norm of 100 with 15 points standard deviation - developed Wechsler test of intelligence -> MOST popular IQ test

Answer 36

1. working memory 2. processing speed 3. perceptual reasoning 4. verbal comprehension

Answer 37

- g-factor of general intelligence *debated bc little evidence - s factor for specific factors

Answer 38

- fluid (gf) = learn new things + solve problems without prior knowledge - crystallised (gc) = accumulated knowlege

Answer 39

non-verbal test for fluid intelligence 1. 3D rotation 2. letter/number series 3. matrix reasoning

Answer 40

- crystallised increases with age - fluid goes down after 30

Answer 41

7 abilities form g 1. associative memory 2. number 3. perceptual speed 4. reasoning 5. verbal comprehension 6. word fluency 7. spatial

Answer 42

- rejected existence of g - intelligence as 150 abilities in groups of 1. operations 2. contents 3. products

Answer 43

- cognition - memory

Answer 44

- visual, auditory, symbolic, behavioural

Answer 45

- units - transformations - systems - relations

Answer 46

1. Stratum I = 69 specific cog abilities 2. Stratum II = fluid, crystal, memory, processing etc 3. Stratum III = g

Answer 47

- Cattell, Horn, Carroll Synthesis! - Carroll's 3 stratum structure but with more abilities - g accepted as theoretical construct (Horn doesn't believe it exists realistically but Carroll does)

Answer 48

- most trusted intelligence test because based on psychological theory

Answer 49

9 of them BUT not v scientific 1. linguistic 2. logic math 3. spatial 4. musical 5. body movement (kinaesthetic) 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. existentialist 9. naturalist

Answer 50

1. analytic intelligence (mental steps to solve probs) 2. practical intelligence (street smarts) 3. creative intelligence

Answer 51

positive correlation between big brain size and IQ BUT small effect size

Answer 52

ECTs (elementary cog tasks) - rxn time = response time over median - inspection time = perceptual discrimination smart people have faster rxn time and inspection time

Answer 53

- smart people tend to do well in many different subjects not because of 'g factor' but because they have good executive processes - working memory, attention, control etc

Answer 54

high positive correlation between good working memory and fluid intelligence

Answer 55

- correlation between general intelligence and academic achievement - slows down in high academic levels

Answer 56

good performance is correlated with IQ - high effect size with complex jobs

Answer 57

high chance of dying and cardiovascular disease when low IQ

Answer 58

1. physical fitness 2. low-sugar + fat diets 3. longevity 1. NO alcoholism 2. NO infant mortality 3. NO smoking 4. No obesity ESPECIALLY for the poor (protective factor of low socio-economics)

Answer 59

IQ scores increase over every decade - fluid -> 15 pts - crystal -> 9pts

Answer 60

nutrition vs cog stimulation hypothesis 1. schooling 2. nutrition 3. test taking sophistication 4. partental rearing 5. visual + tech environment

Answer 61

- intelligence is inherited - difference in IQ scores between black and white people based on genetics

Answer 62

- diff cultures value and dev different kinds of intelligence - Western IQ tests suck for diff cultures - aboriginal kids did better in spatial + non-verbal IQ

Answer 63

- males score sig higher but small effect size - males medium better at spatial - no diff between men + women in verbal

Answer 64

- evolution - brain lateralisation + structure - testosterone

Answer 65

1. stereotypes on sex outside of education 2. stereotypes on sex within education system 3. tech + socio-economic influence on intelligence in classroom

Answer 66

1. experience effects on CNS 2. IQ changes over time 3. beliefs about intelligences can affect performance 4. motivation, practice + persistence 5. malleable working memory 6. education positive correlation on IQ 7. avg intelligence increases (Flynn effect)

Answer 67

- can be improved for tasks - BUT little transference to other aspects of life

Answer 68

- IQ improves 1-5 pts per year in education

Answer 69

1. self-awareness 2. self-regulation 3. empathy 4. social skills

Answer 70

1. optimism 2. good self-regard 3. impulse control

Answer 71

Mayer-Solovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test - performance based (solve emo problems) 1. emotional perception 2. using emotions 3. understanding emotions 4. regulating emotions

Answer 72

Schutte's self-report emotional intelligence test

Answer 73

emotional competence inventory - self report - 350 degree tool

Answer 74

- mixed model: ability + dispo features - dispo features -> (optimism, self-regard, impulse control) - measures: *emo quotient inventory 2.0 *emo quotient 360

Answer 75

self score: individual's emotional intelligence

Answer 76

individuals get rated by peers and leaders on their emotional intelligence

Answer 77

- trait of emo intelligence similar to personality traits - measured by self-report of self-perceptions and dispositions - trait of emo intelligence -> self-report (subjective) - ability of emo intelligence -> scoring by others (objective)

Answer 78

1. low TEIque = more unauthorised absences at school + antisocial behaviour 2. MSEIT EQ positively correlated to relationship quality 3. MSCEIT EQ negatively correlated to aggressive behaviour

Answer 79

1. emo intelligence positively related to performance in low IQ students only! 2. positive correlation on school grades + teacher assessments 3. prediction of academic success 5yrs later

Answer 80

1. positive correlation on work performance 2. protective factor against burnout, stress etc

Answer 81

1. MSCEIT: small positive correlation on mental health 2. MSCEIT: negative correlation with depression, anxiety, anorexia 3. MSCEIT: positive correlation on subjective well-being 4. TEIQUE: neg correlation on SH 5. EI: positive correlation in wellbeing in adolescence

Answer 82

- sig negative correlation on health-related risk behaviours BUT no relationship in other risky behaviour

Answer 83

0.42 -> so decent amount heritable

Answer 84

- greater neural efficiency in emo processing (MSCEIT) - greater left resting left frontal activation -> high social competence + low shyness - high EI -> less psych reactivity (mood downer) + physio reactivity (saliva cortisol) when stressor shown

Answer 85

1. temperament 2. rule-based skill acquisition 3. self-aware emo reg

Answer 86

- EI increases in adolescence ONLY in girls - girls score higher in total EI and all sub-branches of it

Answer 87

- females score higher in EI throughout entire life - EI drops over time - peak EI at 40

Answer 88

1. CBT 2. emotional intelligence training for adults

Answer 89

- moderate positive effect - can be changed - best when focused on ability (or mixed) rather than trait

Answer 90

- is it even an important research? - ChatGPT is better at emotional intelligence than average human!

Answer 91

internal state that drives people to action - directed behaviour towards satisfaction of goal

Answer 92

extent of which people want + enjoy to engage in cognitive effortful activities

Answer 93

- 34 items but commonly 18 - test need for cog - reliable + valid

Answer 94

1. attitudes from effortful analysis of info 2. stronger attitudes compared to low NC 3. attitudes more resistant to change 4. attitudes impact behaviour more

Answer 95

- central route = high NC, effortful + slow - peripheral route = low NC, fast decision + superficial

Answer 96

- think about their thoughts - analyse thoughts for validity -> self-validation - more likely to correct judgments if bias found - aware that they put in greater thought so are more confident in judgments

Answer 97

- think more about available options before decision - less bias usually BUT if bias is from effortful thoughts then high NC more affected - more prone to false memories (from bias created by effortful thought)

Answer 98

- more bias through mental shortcuts *anchoring *stereotyping

Answer 99

- less likely to give punitive judgements - greater understanding of health-related phenomena - affected more by central route health messages

Answer 100

1. neg correlation with neuroticism 2. high openness 3. high conscientiousness 4. BAS driven 5. persistent 6. small positive with intelligence

Answer 101

desire for certainty

Answer 102

1. value order 2. dislike ambiguity 3. make decisions + impressions quick 4. have strong opinions

Answer 103

- measures need for cog closure 1. desire for predictability 2. preference for order + structure 3. discomfort with ambiguity 4. decisiveness 5. close-mindedness

Answer 104

- seizing: urgency tendency to find closure quickly - freezing: desire to keep closure *preserve past knowledge *remember past knowledge well

Answer 105

1. primacy effect in impression formation 2. rely more on stereotypes 3. reduce extent of info processing 4. authoritarian + dogmatic

Answer 106

a person's preferred mode of processing information

Answer 107

positively correlated to need for cognition negatively correlated to need for closure added to openness

Answer 108

- part of cognitive styles - preferred way of thinking about problems - influenced by personality

Answer 109

- if we start measuring cog styles alongside abilities we could improve predicting academic achievement - sig role in guiding job choices - improve job performance

Answer 110

- type of cognitive style - tendency to reflect on alternative choices vs respond immediately

Answer 111

degree of dependence on structure of prevailing visual field

Answer 112

- reflection: pause and thinking before acting or making decision to evaluate options - impulsivity: respond quickly w/o sufficient forethought

Answer 113

- measures conceptual tempo - measures impulsivity vs reflectivity (response time to first selection)

Answer 114

- rod and frame test - embedded figures test

Answer 115

- trying to make a stick stand up straight - BUT background is tilted which messes with your head - if you can put the stick up straight you have low field dependence

Answer 116

- try to find small simple figure within larger complex figure - complex figure creates gestalt in which simple figure hides - autists are good at this task

Answer 117

- pilots should be field independent bc low visibility can be possible during flights - sloping cloud has most impact on field dependent pilots

Answer 118

- measured by typical performance instead of max performance

Answer 119

1. thinking (objective, empirical) vs feeling (values + subjective) 2. sensing (reality) vs intuiting (big picture, what could be)

Answer 120

Briggs + Briggs-Mayers personality test based on Jung's theory - very bad bc low reliability and validity

Answer 121

1. functions 2. forms 3. levels 4. scope 5. leanings

Answer 122

1. legislative -> create unique approaches 2. executive -> rule followers 3. judicial -> rules + thinking

Answer 123

1. monarchic -> single goal no prioritising 2. hierarchic -> single goals BUT prioritising goals 3. oligarchic -> multiple goals No prioritising 4. anarchic -> no structure, random

Answer 124

1. local = precise + detailed 2. global = bigger picture thinkers (context etc)

Answer 125

1. internal = lone wolves 2. external = collaborators

Answer 126

1. liberal = go beyond rules to improve + change 2. conservative = familiarity + tradition

Answer 127

1. thinking styles inventory -> measures sternbergs self-get 2. thinking styles questionnaire for teachers (how they prefer students to learn) 3. set of thinking styles tasks for students (students preference for learning)

Answer 128

1. styles of perceptual dynamics (field dependence vs independence) 2. styles of cog coding 3. styles of memory 4. conceptual styles 5. styles of cog control

Answer 129

1. logogens (words) 2. imagens (mental images) - unreliable long-term - not unidimensional - doesn't predict actual mental imagery use

Answer 130

System 1: intuitive, automatic System 2: reflective, controlled, slow

Answer 131

psychological test to figure out people's thinking style 2 unipolar dimensions (instead of 1 bipolar) *rationality :on NC *experiential: on faith in intuition / gut feeling

Answer 132

1. using heuristic rules 2. positive thinking 3. esoteric thinking (occult, astrology) 4. naive optimism

Answer 133

1. rational ability 2. rational engagement 3. experiential ability 4. experiential engagement

Answer 134

- puzzle where there is a luring wrong answer *ball and bat *lilies in a pond

Answer 135

1. prefer smaller and sooner payoffs 2. more negative decision outcomes IRL 3. more likely to have religious/paranormal beliefs 4. more prone to biases

Answer 136

- lower correlation between verbal + math measures (than traditional cognitive reflection tests with number problems) - no gender gap -> no math anxiety?

Answer 137

1. extroversion = 0.5 2. neuroticism = 0.43 avg influence on personality traits is around 0.4

Answer 138

1. 0.55 2. 0.4-0.6 3. 0.3-0.45

Answer 139

mindware = strategies or knowledge that can be retrieved from long-term memory to aid decisions 1. autonomous mind 2. algorithmic mind 3. reflective mind

Answer 140

access to mindware shaped by evolution or practice to level of automatisation

Answer 141

mindware containing micro-strats + system rules fluid intelligence -> will figure out effortful problems

Answer 142

- mindware of goals, believes, gen knowledge - rational + deep critical thinking

Answer 143

1. detect conflict between response + normative response 2. appropriate mindware available 3. sufficient cog capacity -> sustain stim + override incorrect responses

Answer 144

- CHC model with added Stratum II (broad abilities) of decision making - measured by Berlin Numeracy Test + adult decision making competence -

Answer 145

1. resistance to framing 2. aren't under/overconfident 3. applying decision rules 4. consistency in risk perception 5. resistance to sunk costs

Answer 146

ability to remain indifferent to irrelevant problem description

Answer 147

- assessment of knowledge in specific domains - measures typical performance - active open mindedness predicts performance

Answer 148

- below IQ 120 sig correlation with creativity - above 120 IQ no correlation - intelligence necessary but not sufficient for creativity

Answer 149

1. intelligence as initial requirement general thematic areas : 2. domains -> eg musical skill 3. micro-domains -> unique interests in domains (making sheet music)

Answer 150

- positive correlation openness + extroversion - negative correlation agreeableness + conscientiousness - neuroticism no correlation unless threat of evaluation - not consistent results of psychoticism

Answer 151

- girls scored higher than boys

Answer 152

- originality score dropped when AI guided thoughts - reduces future creativit y - AI increases metacognition

Answer 153

leaders appear because they have unique traits diff from population NOT considered true anymore

Answer 154

weak positive correlations to 1. intelligence 2. conscientiousness 3. extroversion negative correlation - neuroticism

Answer 155

1. transformational 2. transactional 3. passive / laissez-faire

Answer 156

- positive correlation: extroverted + agreeable + open - no correlation: emo stability + conscientiousness

Answer 157

- nobel prize winner - historical influences like contraceptive pill + education is leading women into leadership positions

Answer 158

- more democratic - more transformational

Answer 159

women: - less tech + science - less structure - more creative

Answer 160

R - realistic I - investigative A - artistic S - social E - enterprising C - conventional 3 levels: - person - environment - fit

Answer 161

1. SPSRQ : sensitivity punishment + sensitivity reward questionnaire 2. RST-PQ: reinforcement sensitivity theory

Answer 162

Emotional reactivity and trauma interplay - low emotional reactivity leads to low consequences

Answer 163

1. fluency (amount of ideas) 2. elaboration (detail) 3. originality 4. resistance to premature closure 5. abstractness of titles

individual differences Final Exam Flashcards

(192 cards)