Inflammatory process

Question 1

Step 1 inflammatory process

Answer 1

• bacteria and other pathogens enter wound

Question 2

Step 2 of inflammatory process

Answer 2

• platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at site

Question 3

Step 3 of inflammatory process

Answer 3

• mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodilation and vasoconstriction
• delivery of blood, plasma, and cells to injured area increases

Question 4

Step 4 of inflammatory process

Answer 4

• neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens

Question 5

Step 5 inflammatory process

Answer 5

• neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 6

Step 6 inflammatory process

Answer 6

• macrophages secrete hormones (cytokines)
• they attract immune system cells to site and activate tissue repair

Question 7

Step 7 of inflammatory process

Answer 7

• inflammatory response continues till foreign material is eliminated and wound is repaired

Question 8

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation (5)

Answer 8

• heat
• redness
• swelling
• pain
• loss of function

Question 9

What are the 4 phases of wound healing

Answer 9

• haemostasis
• inflammation
• proliferation
• remodeling

Question 10

Define haemostasis phase

Answer 10

• day 1-6
• stop bleeding

Question 11

Define inflammation phase

Answer 11

• day 4-21
• removal of debris and prevention of infection

Question 12

Define proliferation phase

Answer 12

• week 1-6
• resurfacing the wound with new skin

Question 13

Define remodeling phase

Answer 13

• Week 6-2 years
• scar maturation

Question 14

What are the normal stages of tissue healing

Answer 14

• inflammation
• proliferation
• remodeling

Question 15

What happens during the inflammation stage of tissue healing

Answer 15

• day 4-6
• pain
• swelling
• decrease ROM

Question 16

What happens during proliferation phase of tissue healing

Answer 16

• days 4-24
• myofascial adhesion
• muscle weakness
• decreased proprioception and balance

Question 17

What happens in remodeling phase of tissue healing

Answer 17

• days 21-2 years
• muscle atrophy
• biomechanical dysfunction
• soft tissue restriction
• joint hypermobility

Question 18

What interventions would be used during acute phase

Answer 18

• therapeutic agents: laser, US, ice, e-stim

Question 19

What interventions would be used for remodeling

Answer 19

• muscle strengthening
• joint mobilization
• soft tissue work
• therapeutic exercise

Question 20

What interventions would be used for proliferation

Answer 20

• joint mobilization
• myofascial release
• muscle strengthening
• exercise: proprioception

Question 21

What are the phases of muscle healing

Answer 21

• acute
• sub-acute
• chronic
• remodeling

Question 22

What happens in each phase of muscle healing

Answer 22

• acute: blood clot
• sub-acute: fibrous tissue forms
• chronic: tissue fibers become organized
• remodeling: fiber regeneration and remodeling

Question 23

What are the 4 stages of bone healing

Answer 23

• hematoma formation
• fibrocartilaginous callus formation
• bony callus formation
• bone remodeling

Question 24

What is secondary dysfunction to strain, disuse, or neurologic injury

Answer 24

• muscle atrophy and weakness

Question 25

What is secondary dysfunction to soft tissue injury leading to adhesions and scar tissue

Answer 25

- decreased joint ROM

Question 26

What is secondary dysfunction to lack of proper healing or recurrent injury

Answer 26

- chronic pain and edema

Question 27

What is secondary dysfunction to any injury that requires long-term rest

Answer 27

- decreased endurance

Question 28

What is arthrogenic muscle inhibition

Answer 28

- neuro-physical concept that healthy muscle tissue becomes reflexively inhibited following acute joint injury

Question 29

What are 2 primary factors related to injury that can inhibit muscle contraction

Answer 29

- pain - swelling

Question 30

What is capsulitis

Answer 30

- joint adhesions - characterized by joint stiffness, pain, and decreased ROM

Question 31

What is the pain cycle

Answer 31

- decreased function - psychological stress - pain - muscle guarding - restricted ROM - muscle weakness and atrophy

Question 32

What are some components of clinical reasoning

Answer 32

- age - nature of injury / tissue involved - therapist knowledge on injury - current status of healing - client understanding of injury - client motivation