A&P 2025 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Organs

A

Anatomical structures that include multiple tissue types

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2
Q

true or false most organs include all 4 basic tissue types

A

true

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3
Q

largest organ of the body

A

the integument aka skin

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4
Q

function of integumentary system

A
  • primary mechanism of non-specific immune response
  • provides combo if mechanical, chemical, and ecological barrier to the intro of pathogens (barrier to infection)
  • thermoregulation
  • detection and processing of sensory stimuli
  • metabolism of various molecules
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5
Q

most superficial layer of the skin

A

the epidermis

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6
Q

what is the epidermis attached to

A

the dermis

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7
Q

integrated into the skin are . . .

A

hair, nails, glands

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8
Q

dermal

A
  • or cutaneous
  • refers to anything related to or pertaining to the skin, particularly the dermis layer
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9
Q

features of the dermal layer

A
  • highly vascular
  • includes arteriole and venous vessels and capillaries
  • included most accessory structures that give most non-immue capacities of the skin
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10
Q

what does the integumentary system include

A
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
  • sensory receptors
    -sweat and oil glands
  • other derivative such as hair, nails
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11
Q

layer under the dermis

A

hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)

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12
Q

Epidermis

A
  • outermost layer; mostly epithelial cells; non-vascular
  • thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisteing of four cell types and five layers
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13
Q

dermis

A

fibrous connective tissue; vascular

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14
Q

Hypodermis

A

superficial fascia)—not skin; protective; adipose and loose connective tissue

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15
Q

epidermis cell types

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • merkel cells
  • langerhan’s cells
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16
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • type of epidermis cell
  • produce keratin; primary cell of epidermis
    i. Arise in stratum basale
    ii. Pushed to surface as continuously mitotic cells reproduce
    iii. Keratin is produced as cells migrate
    iv. Cells connected by desmosomes
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17
Q

melanocytes

A
  • type of epidermis cell
  • produce pigment, melanin
    i. In stratum basale
    ii. Have processes that contact all keratinocytes
    iii. Transfer melanin to keratinocytes
    iv. Melanin accumulates near cell’s apical surfaces to shield nucleus from UV
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18
Q

merkel cells

A
  • type of epidermis cell
  • associated with sensory nerve endings; form Merkel disc
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19
Q

langerhan’s cell

A
  • type of epidermis cell
  • epidermal dendritic cells)
    i. Made in bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
    ii. Form a continuous network
    iii. Function as macrophage
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20
Q

layers of epidermis

A

(deep to superficial)
1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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21
Q

stratum basale

A
  • stratum germinativum)
  • deepest layer
    i. Single layer of mitotically active cells
    ii. Give rise to keratinocytes (youngest)
    iii. Includes melanocytes and some Merkel cell
  • cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of more superficial strata
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22
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • keratin fibers and lamellar bodies accumulate
  • (Prickly layer)
  • weblike network of cells formed by intermediate filaments
    attached to desmosomes
    i. Comprised of keratinocytes
    ii. Includes melanin granules and Langerhans cells
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23
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • keratohyaline and a hard protein evelope form; lamellar bodies release lipids; cells die
  • hick; 3-5 cell layers; keratinocytes are modified
    i. Flattened; nuclei and organelles lost
    ii. Keratohylaline and lamellated granules accumulate
    iii. Lamellated granules are glycoproteins, released into extracellular space, that reduce water
    loss
    iv. Cells more resistant to destruction
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24
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • dead cells containing dispersed keratohyalin
  • a few rows of clear, flattened, dead keratinocytes; layer occurs only in thick skin
    i. Keratohyalin granules—gummy substance associated with keratin filaments
    ii. Cells aggregate in parallel arrays
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25
stratum corneum
- dead cells with a hard protein evelope; the cells contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids - (Horny layer) - outer most layer; most of epidermis thickness i. 20-30 cell layers thick ii. Keratin, thickened plasma membranes and glycoproteins protect against abrasion and loss of water iii. Cornified or horny cells—remnants of cells from this lay
26
what is the dermis
- strong, flexible tissue layer - cells: a. Fibroblasts b. Macrophages c. Mast cells d. WBC’s - nervous fibers with sensory receptors - blood vessels - hair follicles - sweat glands - layers
27
layers of the dermis
a. papilary layer--thin; superficial - connective tissue with bl ood vessels - Dermal papillae—superficial layer; project into epidermal layer; include capillary beds, Meissner’s corpuscle b. Reticular layer - most of dermis; dense irregular connective tissue - Collagen fibers—strength and resiliency; hydration - Elastin fibers—stretch recoil
28
elements of skin color
1. pigments a. melanin-ranges from yellow to redish-brown to black -tyrosine derivative -tryosinase -racial differences-amount and peristence of melanin in keratinocytes -melanocyte stimulated by sunlight; protects DNA from UV b. carotene-yellow to orange - accumulates in stratum corneum and fatty tissue of hypodermis - obvious in palms and soles c. hemoglobin-ib RBC's - rebish hue trhough transparent skin of caucasians lacking melanin - cyanosis - deoxygenated blood is blue 2. emotional and disease states a. redness (erythema) - embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy b. pallor - paleness; emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressue c, jaundice - liver disorder d. bruises - blood espaces circulatory system and forms and hematoma
29
skin appendages
- sweat glands ( sudoriferous) - sebaceous glands - hair and hair follicles - nails
30
types of sweat glans
- eccrine - apocrine - ceruminous - mammary
31
eccrine glands
i. Coiled, tubular ii. Palms, soles of feet iii. Duct opens to pore on surface iv. Hypotonic secretion v. Regulated by sympathetic NS a. Involuntary
32
apocrine glans
i. Large; ducts empty into hair follicle ii. Axillary and anogenital areas iii. Interaction with skin bacteria results in od
33
ceruminous
modified apocrine - ear canal; cerumen (wax)
34
term for ear wax
cerumen
35
term for sweat glands
sudoriferous glands
36
mammary gland
produce milk
37
what do sebaceous glands do
secrete sebum i. Holocrine—accumulate lipids until they burst ii. Slow water loss when humidity is low iii. Softens hair iv. Bactericidal v. Stimulated by androgens
38
functions of hair and hair follicles
a. Warmth (not humans) b. Sensory functions c. Protection d. Filtration
39
function of the Integumentary System
A. Protection 1. Chemical barriers a. Acid mantle—low pH selects against bacteria b. Bactericidal substances in sebum 2. Physical and mechanical barriers a. Skin is continuous and keratinized b. Blocks movement of water soluble substances c. Permits lipid soluble, organic solvents 3. Biological barriers 1. Immune responses initiated in skin a. Antigen presentation to lymphocytes i. Langerhan’s cells b. Macrophage activity B. Body temperature regulation 1. Endothermic evaporation cools body a. Sweat glands secrete sweat continuously b. Body temperature increase i. Blood vessels dilate ii. Sweat glands stimulated C. Cutaneous sensation 1. Sensory receptors (externoceptors) a. Meissner’s corpuscles--vibration b. Pacinian corpuscles—deep pressure c. Root hair plexuses d. Nociceptors D. Metabolic functions 1. Conversion of cholesterol into vitamin D precursor E. Blood reservoir 1. Shunted by nervous function between skin reservoir (5% of volume) to general circulation F. Excretion 1. Limited amount of nitrogenous wastes 2. Water and salts in sweat
40
other name for stratum basale
stratum germinativum
41
what type of cell is the stratum basale made of
a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells
42
at the stratum basale, the epidermis is anchored to the basement membrane by . . .
hemidesmosomes
43
what holds keratinocytes together in the stratum basale
desmosomes
44
how are keratinocytes internally strengthened
by keratin fibers (intermediate filaments) that insert into desmosomes
45
how often do keratinocyte stem cells of the stratum basale undergo mitosis
every 19 days
46
how long does it take for a daughter cell to reach the epidermal surface and be slough off
40-56 days
47
how many layer does the stratum spinosum have
8-10 layers of many sided cells
48
as cells in the stratum spinosum are push to the surface what happens
they flatten; desmosomes break apart and new desmosomes form
49
what forms inside keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
as the cells progress through this layer additional keratin fibers and lipid filled membrane bound organelles called lamellar bodies form
50
how many layers make up the stratum granulosum
2-5 layers of somewhat flattened, diamond shaped cells
51
in the stratum granulosum layer what accumulates in the cytoplasm of the keratinocytes
protein granules called keratohyaline
52
what do the lamellar bodies do in stratum granulosum
move to the plasma membrane and release their lipid contents into the extracellular space
53
what ultimately happens in the stratum granulosum
the nucleus and other organelles degenerate, and the keratinocytes dies. the keratin fibers and keratohyalin granules within the cytoplasm do not degenerate
54
thin clear zone above stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
55
which stratum is only present in thick skin
stratum lucidum
56
how many layer is the stratum corneum composed of
25 or more dead, overlapping squamos cells joined by desmosomes
57
what does the stratum corneum consist of
cornified cells, which are dead keratinocytes, with a hard protein envelope, filled with the protein keratin
58
what is keratin made of
keratin fibers and keratohyalin
59
what are the protein envelope and keratin responsible for in the stratum corneum
structural strength
60
what do lamellar cells release
lipids
61
what are lipids in skin responsible for
many of the skin's pemeability characteristics
62
differences between thin and thick skin
- thin skin covers most of body and is more flexible - thin skin found in areas subject to friction - in thin skin each stratum consists of fewer layers - hair is only found in thin skin
63
thin and thick skin refer to only the . . .
epidermis
64
how does a callus form
forms when stratum corneum increases in thickeness. the increased cell layers provide added protection in the area that experiences more mechanical stress
65
what does the skin over bony prominences develop
a cone shaped structure called a corn. base of cone at surface and apex extends into epidermis , the pressure on the corn may be painful
66
factors that determine skin color
1. pigments in the skin 2. blood circulating through the skin 3. the thickness of the stratum corneum
67
what is melanin
- group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color - provided protection against ultraviolet light from the sun
68
large amounts of melanin are found where?
regions of the skin such as freckles, moles, the nipples, areolae of the breasts, the axillae, the genitalia
69
melanin is produced by
melanocytes
70
melanin production involves . . .
the enzymatic modification of the amino acid tyrosine to an intermediate which may be modified in different ways producing pigments that can be black, brown, yellow, or red
71
the types of melanin produced are determined by
genetic factors
72
degree to which melanin is produced is influenced by
exposure to light and hormones
73
racial variations in skin color determined by
1. types of melanin produced 2. amount of melanin produced 3. size of melanosomes 4.number of melanosomes 5. distrubution of melanosomes
74
albinism
a recessive genetic trait resulting from an inability to produce melanin
75
erythema
a condition in which skin turns a reddish hue when the amount of blood flowing through the skin increases. an inflammatory response, sunburn, allergic reaction can stimulate this
76
cyanosis
produces a bluish skin color resulting from a drease in blood flood, occuring from shock
77
what is carotene
a yellow pigment found in plants, usually consumed as a source of vimatin a
78
what happens when large amounts of carotene are cosumed
excess accumulates in thje startum corneum and adipoyctes of the dermis and hypodermis, causing yellow to trun yellowish
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