Where did brahman cattle originate
Texas
define animal breeding
the long term strategy to effectively match animal genetics to production environment
whats needed in animal breeding plans
-balance of various traits that impact production(imput and output)
-strategic flexibility(needed changes without unintended consequences)
T/F changing cattle dimensions through breeding is difficult, but valuable to production
FALSE. its very easy, and often not beneficial to production
what causes double muscling
breaking of the myostatin gene that allows for uncontrolled muscle growth
why is double muscling not something that should be bred for
-it leads to conformational issues
-animal has trouble living much less breeding
-double muscling starts before birth increasing birthing difficulties, and decreasing mothers reproductive ability
transcription definition
when mRNA is made from the DNA sequence
translation definition
when product is made from the mRNA sequence
what is the functional unit of a chromosome
gene
what are autosomes
non sex cells
how many pairs of chromosome pairs does cattle have? horses?
cattle: 30 pairs
Horse: 32 pairs
genotype definition
combination of alleles
what type of trait is determined by only one or a few loci
qualitative traits(catagorical)
describe quantitative traits
-determined by many loci(difficult to determine)
-influenced by environmental effects
-illustrated by continuous distribution such as bell curves
most production traits of economic importance are from what form of inheritance
quantitative
what effects phenotypic variation(and how much do the impact)
environment-50%
breeding value(additive)-25%
gene combination(non additive)-25%
what does phenotype equal
phenotype = genetic + environment + (genetic x environment)
what does genetic equal
genetic = additive + dominance + epistatic
3 genetic choices
breed
mating type
individual animal
what is the parameter space for the regression coefficient
unlimited
(determined/limited by whats being studied)
what does standard error measure
variability associated with an estimate
parameter space of probability
0-1
1:absolute certainty
how does frequency relate to probability
frequency can act as estimates of probability
what does production system complementarity mean
use of different breeds to emphasize certain characteristics in dams vs sires
