INTRO TO CELLULAR ABERRATIONS

Question 1

disease process whereby cells
proliferate abnormally, ignoring
growth-regulating signals in the
environment surrounding the cell.

Answer 1

cancer

Question 2

4 kinds of cancer

Answer 2

carcinomas
sarcomas
lymphomas
leukemias

Question 3

adeno

Answer 3

gland

Question 4

chondro

Answer 4

cartilage

Question 5

erythro

Answer 5

rbc

Question 6

hemangio

Answer 6

blood vessels

Question 7

hepato

Answer 7

liver

Question 8

lipo

Answer 8

fat

Question 9

lympho

Answer 9

lymphocyte

Question 10

melano

Answer 10

pigment cell

Question 11

myelo

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

myo

Answer 12

muscle

Question 13

osteo

Answer 13

bone

Question 14

Malignant tumor
of glandular epithelium;
may produce mucin.

Breast, colon,
pancreas, prostate,
lung (non-small cell)

Answer 14

adenocarcinoma

Question 15

Slow-growing, locally
invasive tumor derived
from basal cells of the
epidermis; rarely
metastasizes.

Sun-exposed skin
(face, neck, scalp)

Answer 15

basal cell carcinoma

Question 16

Malignant tumor
originating
from squamous
epithelial cells, often
associated with chronic
irritation or sun exposure.

Skin, esophagus, oral
cavity, cervix, lungs.

Answer 16

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 17

Malignancy from
the transitional
epithelium lining urinary
tract; linked to smoking
and occupational toxins.

Bladder, ureters, renal
pelvis.

Answer 17

transitional cell carcinoma

Question 18

osteoblasts producing
immature bone (osteoid);
typically affects
adolescents and young
adults.

Long bones (femur,
tibia, humerus),
especially near growth
plates (metaphysis)

Answer 18

osteosarcoma

Question 19

Malignant tumor
of cartilage-producing
cells; usually occurs in
middle-aged to older
adults.

Pelvis, femur, ribs,
shoulder girdle

Answer 19

chondrosarcoma

Question 20

Vascular tumor
associated with HHV-8
infection; often occurs in
immunocompromised
patients (e.g., HIV/AIDS)

Skin, mucous
membranes,
gastrointestinal tract,
lungs

Answer 20

kaposi sarcoma

Question 21

Malignant tumor
of smooth muscle cells;
aggressive and prone to
recurrence and
metastasis

Uterus,
retroperitoneum, deep
soft tissues

Answer 21

leiomyosarcoma

Question 22

Rapid proliferation
of immature lymphoid
cells (lymphoblasts);
progresses quickly without
treatment.

Most common
in children, but can
occur in adults.

Answer 22

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 23

Malignancy of myeloid
precursor cells, leading to
accumulation of blasts in
the bone marrow and blood.

Common in adults,
especially >60 years;
associated with
radiation, benzene, or
chemotherapy
exposure.

Answer 23

acute myeloid leukemia

Question 24

Slow-growing cancer
of mature B lymphocytes;
often indolent but can
transform into aggressive
lymphoma (Richter’s
transformation).

Most common in older
adults, especially males
>65 years.

Answer 24

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Question 25

Cancer of myeloid stem cells characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL fusion); progresses from chronic to blast crisis if untreated. Middle-aged adults (40–60 years).

Answer 25

chronic myeloid leukemia

Question 26

B lymphocytes (presence of Reed–Sternberg cells) Common in young adults and older adults. Orderly spread, from one node to the next. Often linked to EBV.

Answer 26

hodgkin lymphoma

Question 27

B cells, T cells, or NK cells. Can occur at any age. Random spread, may involve multiple nodes and organs. Linked to immune problems, infections, or HIV

Answer 27

non-hodgkin lymphoma

Question 28

Most common type; malignant proliferation of plasma cells producing monoclonal immunoglobulins (M-protein), leading to bone destruction and organ damage. Bone marrow (spine, pelvis, ribs, skull, long bones)

Answer 28

multiple myeloma

Question 29

Early stage with abnormal plasma cell proliferation but no end-organ damage; risk of progression to multiple myeloma. Bone marrow; no active bone destruction

Answer 29

smoldering (asymptomatic) myeloma

Question 30

Most common type (~70%); grows slowly across the skin before invading deeper layers. Trunk in men, legs in women, or any sunexposed area.

Answer 30

superficial spreading melanoma

Question 31

Aggressive; grows vertically and invades deeper skin layers quickly Trunk, head, and neck

Answer 31

nodular melanoma

Question 32

Cancers that arise from epithelial tissues, which line organs, glands, and body surfaces (e.g., skin, lungs, breast, colon). They are the most common type of cancer.

Answer 32

carcinoma

Question 33

Cancers that originate from connective or supporting tissues such as bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, or blood vessels. They are relatively rare.

Answer 33

sarcoma

Question 34

Cancers that develop from the lymphatic system, specifically lymphocytes (B cells or T cells). They usually form solid tumors in lymph nodes or lymph tissues.

Answer 34

lymphoma

Question 35

Cancers of the bone marrow and blood, involving abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. They typically do not form solid tumors but circulate in the blood.

Answer 35

leukemia

Question 36

in cancer ___ is evaded; damaged cells survive and multiply.

Answer 36

apoptosis

Question 37

Formation of new blood vessels that supply a tumor with oxygen and nutrients, allowing it to grow and spread (metastasis).

Answer 37

tumor angiogenesis

Question 38

tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

Answer 38

Benign (not cancer)

Question 39

cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites

Answer 39

malignant (cancer)

Question 40

benign or malignant: Well-differentiated; cells look similar to normal tissue

Answer 40

benign

Question 41

benign or malignant: Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated; abnormal size and shape

Answer 41

malignant

Question 42

benign or malignant: Grows rapidly, invades and infiltrates surrounding tissues

Answer 42

malignant

Question 43

benign or malignant: Grows slowly, expands, and is often encapsulated

Answer 43

benign

Question 44

benign or malignant: Rapid and uncontrolled

Answer 44

malignant

Question 45

benign or malignant: Slow and progressive

Answer 45

benign

Question 46

benign or malignant: metastasis

Answer 46

malignant

Question 47

benign or malignant: Usually localized; rarely causes systemic effects unless large

Answer 47

benign

Question 48

benign or malignant: Can cause systemic effects like weight loss, fatigue, or hormonal imbalances

Answer 48

malignant

Question 49

benign or malignant: Significant destruction and damage to surrounding tissues

Answer 49

malignant

Question 50

normal > ___ > ____ > cancer

Answer 50

hyperplasia dysplasia

Question 51

Increase in the number of normal cells → tissue enlarges but cells look normal.

Answer 51

hyperplasia

Question 52

Abnormal cell size, shape, and organization → disordered growth, often pre-cancerous.

Answer 52

dysplasia

Question 53

Early-stage carcinoma where abnormal cancer cells are confined to the epithelium and have not invaded the basement membrane or spread to surrounding tissues.

Answer 53

carcinoma in situ

Question 54

The process of looking at cancer cells under a microscope to see how abnormal they look compared to normal cells. Helps predict how quickly the tumor may grow and spread.

Answer 54

grading

Question 55

The process of determining how much cancer is in the body and where it has spread. Guides treatment planning and helps predict prognosis.

Answer 55

staging

Question 56

Estimate of how much cancer there is based on the results of the physical exam, imaging tests and endoscopic procedures.

Answer 56

clinical staging - cTNM

Question 57

Estimate of the extent of the cancer based on the microscopic examination of the tumor after surgery

Answer 57

pathological staging - pTNM

Question 58

staging used for solid tumors

Answer 58

TNM

Question 59

what is TNM

Answer 59

TUMOR SIZE 0-4 NODAL INVOLVEMENT 0-3 MESTASTASIS, DISTANT 0-1

Question 60

T1S vs T1-T4

Answer 60

- carcinoma in situ - progressive increase in tumor size and involvement

Question 61

roman numeral staging: stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4

Answer 61

1 - localized to one part 2 - spread into surrounding tissues but not beyond origin 3 - regional cancer / spread to nearby lymph 4 - distant cancer / metastasized to other parts of the body

Question 62

cancer grading (under microscope): GX G1 G2 G3 G4

Answer 62

gx - cant be determined g1 - well differentiated g2 - moderately differentiated g3 - poorly differentiated g4 - undifferentiated