Gender and Culture Bias:
outline universality in regards to gender and culture bias
assumption that behaviours are universal to all humans despite gender or culture differences
Gender and Culture Bias:
Name the universal behaviours
happiness
sadness
surprise
anger
fear
disgust
Gender and Culture Bias - Gender Bias:
outline androcentrism in regards to gender bias
wrongfully assuming male behaviour is normal and therefore applying male behaviour to women.
e.g. Milgram, Zimbardo, Asch, Freud (hysteria)
Gender and Culture Bias - Gender Bias:
outline gynocentrism in regards to gender bias
wrongfully assuming female behaviour is normal and therefore applying onto men
e.g. no one
Gender and Culture Bias - Gender Bias:
outline alpha bias in regards to gender bias
over-exaggerating the differences between the 2 genders
results in gender stereotypes as certain behaviours from both genders are emphasised
Gender and Culture Bias - Gender Bias:
outline beta bias in regards to gender bias
under-exaggerating the differences between the 2 genders
results in a lack of explanatory power for both genders as it doesn’t outline the differences
Gender and Culture Bias - Gender Bias:
give evaluations for gender bias
- beta bias leads to negative impact on diagnosing mental health disorders
- alpha bias leads to stereotypes - one potential cause for gender dysphoria
Gender and Culture Bias - Culture Bias:
outline ethnocentrism in regards to culture bias
the assumption that one culture is normal and therefore applying onto other cultures
result of perceived superiority of one culture e.g. western culture
Gender and Culture Bias - Culture Bias:
outline the emic approach to research in regards to culture bias
research that aims to study one culture without applying onto others
inherited ideography
e.g. Swazi tribesmen can tell apart their cows by physical features. something us brits are shit at
Gender and Culture Bias - Culture Bias:
outline the etic approach to research in regards to culture bias
aims to find trends and behaviours that can be generalised across several different cultures
this can lead to imposed etic, where you assume your culture is the norm and all behaviours can be generalised
links in with ethnocentrism
Gender and Culture Bias - Culture Bias:
outline cultural relativism in regards to culture bias
going to a culture to study them specifically rather than generalising research across cultures
avoids ethnocentrism and imposed etic
links in with emic research
Gender and Culture Bias - Culture Bias:
outline exposure in regards to culture bias
from 2003-07, 93% of studies in the top 6 psychological journals were from western countries
soft power from western countries, e.g. america, britain
Gender and Culture Bias - Culture Bias:
give evaluations for culture bias
- negative impact on diagnosing mental health disorders as generalising behaviours from one culture to another
- may lead to misleading assumptions about other cultures - stereotypes and discriminatory practices
- not all behaviours have to take culture into account - universality
- corrupts the cultures of other countries (imposed etic) e.g. yerkes’ research skewed american perception of african-american intelligence making it harder for them to get jobs - favoured pure americans
Free Will and Determinism - Free Will:
outline the primary features of free will
- ability to make decisions of your own accord despite external stimuli - without manipulation
- links to humanism - personal agency
Free Will and Determinism - Free Will:
give evaluations for free will
- socially sensitive - people can do what ever they like
- unscientific/not empirical/not observable
- unfalsifiable - fails to meet criteria to be a science - puts psychology down
- research suggesting its importance as a concept - Roberts et al (2000) found adolescents who were fatalists were at significantly increased risk to depression
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
outline the primary features of determinism
- all behaviours is pre-determined thereby taking away all free will
- external factors affecting your behaviour outside of your control - determinants
- hard determinism known as fatalism (fatalists)
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
name the 5 types of determinism
biological
environmental
psychic
soft
hard
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
outline biological determinism
- brain, physiology, genetics and biochemistry
- whilst these don’t cause behaviour, they impact the likelihood of a behaviour taking place - genotype impacting phenotype
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
outline environmental determinism
- parenting, friendship, lovers
- external stimuli from your environment, including relationships, affecting how you interpret stimuli, thereby affecting your behaviour - environment interacting with bio to cause behaviour
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
outline psychic determinism
- links to psychodynamic approach
- unconscious motives into your decision making
- criminality - unconscious conflict causing you to break the law
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
outline soft determinism
- combination of opinion and predeterministic factors
- combines both free will and determinism
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
outline hard determinism
- falism
- no free will
- all behaviour is purely caused by determinants without any choice in your actions
Free Will and Determinism - Determinism:
give evaluations for determinism
- socially sensitive/offensive - you have no control over your behaviour
- scientific - determinants can be observed, resulting in empirical evidence - raises reputation of psychology
- meets criteria of features of a science - puts psychology in the same league as other sciences such as biology and chemistry
Free Will and Determinism:
outline scientific emphasis on causal explanations in regards to determinism
isolation of variable:
all extraneous and confounding variables have been controlled giving direct influence between the IVs and the DV
allows you to see exactly what is causing behaviour
