1
Q
Introduction:
Outline the term schizophrenia
A
Original name: Dementia Praecox
- Split (schizo) mind (phrenia)
- split between cognition and emotion
2
Q
Introduction:
Outline the prevalence of schizophrenia in the general population
A
- affects 0.3-0.7% (varies across culture)
- men - usually appears in late teens to early 20s
- women - usually appears in early 30s (around baby time)
3
Q
Introduction:
Outline what is meant by episodic in terms of schizophrenia
A
symptoms appear in episodes that can last as short as a few hours or as long as years
1/3 of people recover after one episode
1/3 live with it for life
1/3 experience catatonic behaviour
5-6% commit suicide
4
Q
Introduction:
Outline the prognosis of schizophrenia
A
Bleuler (1978) studied 2000 schizophrenics (longitudinal)
found symptoms are the most severe in early adulthood, during the first 5 years after onset
5
Q
Introduction:
Outline the two types of symptoms of schizophrenia
A
Positive - excess of normal functions. adding to your normal behaviour
Negative - loss of normal function. similar to severe depression. taking away from normal behaviour
6
Q
Introduction:
Outline positive symptoms to schizophrenia and definitions
A
- hallucinations - faulty sensory input resulting in either auditory, visual or tactile figments
- delusions - unusual beliefs not based in reality. e.g. thought broadcasting, insertion or withdrawal. jealousy.
- disorganised thinking and speech - the result of interference from hallucinations and delusions
- catatonic behaviour - reduced reaction to the environment. could last hours
7
Q
Introduction:
Outline negative symptoms of schizophrenia and definitions
A
- alogia (speech poverty) - reduced speech or only speaking in response to others
- flat affect (lack of emotion) - feeling disconnected from emotions. incorrect reactions to situations
- avolition (social withdrawal) - isolating yourself and avoiding all social interactions. lack of goal orientated behaviour
- apathy - lack of enthusiasm
- anhedonia - loss of interest in everyday activities
8
Q
Issues in diagnosis - diagnostic criteria:
Outline the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in the DSM-V
A
- characteristic symptoms - disruption to 2 or more of; work, relationships and self-care
- social/occupational dysfunction - failing to meet the standards of their previous self
- duration - 1 month for brief episode of psychosis (BEP), 6 months for schizophrenia
- schizoaffective/mood disorder exclusion - exclusion of these in case of mix of characteristic symptoms
- exclusion of substance cause
- relationship to autism - negative symptoms look like autism, therefore autistic people must show positive symptoms to be diagnosed
9
Q
Issues in diagnosis - reliability:
Outline what variables may affect the reliability of the diagnoses of schizophrenia
A
- inter-rater reliability
- test-retest (external) reliability
10
Q
Issues in diagnosis - reliability:
Outline inter-rater reliability for schizophrenic patients
A
having multiple psychologists/psychiatrists assess the same patient to determine individual diagnoses - must have a +0.8 correlation
Beck et al (1961) found 153 schizos were assessed by two different psychiatrists and only agreed 54% of the time (+0.54). implies low inter-rater reliability for schizophrenia
11
Q
Issues in diagnosis - reliability:
Outline test-retest reliability for schizophrenic patients
A
having the same psychologist/psychiatrist assess the patient on separate occasions to determine the same diagnoses
- doesn’t take into account natural progression
12
Q
Issues in diagnosis - reliability:
give evaluations for reliability of diagnosis for schizophrenic patients
A
- Research support - Copeland (1970) found people are more likely to think someone’s behaviour is because of their personality if it fits with stereotypes about their group
- consequences of getting the diagnoses wrong - either they aren’t schizophrenic and are pumped full of antipsychotics or they are and they go untreated
- revision of the DSM - newer DSM versions outlining different criteria - people diagnosed on old versions may not be diagnosed by new ones, or other way around.
13
Q
Issues in diagnosis - validity:
Outline what variables may affect the validity of the diagnosis of schizophrenia
A
- comorbidity
- overlapping symptoms
14
Q
Issues in diagnosis - validity:
Outline comorbidity and its effect on the validity of diagnosis of schizophrenia
A
- simultaneous presence of two or more disorders
Buckly (2009) found comorbidity rates of schizophrenia and depression 50%, PTSD 29%, OCD 23%
makes it harder to correctly diagnose
suggests schizophrenia and depression could be the same thing
47% have substance abuse issues
15
Q
Issues in diagnosis - validity:
Outline overlapping symptoms and its effect on the validity of diagnosis of schizophrenia
A
- symptoms crossing over to multiple disorders
- no symptoms in schizophrenia are solely in schizophrenia - all come up elsewhere
bipolar: mania, irritability
schizo: affective flattening, apathy
both: aggression, agitation, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, depression, impulsivity, hostility
13% of population hear voices whereas only 1% of population have schizo
16
Q
Issues in diagnosis - validity:
Outline symptom heterogeneity
A
the same symptoms appear different across different causes
17
Q
Issues in diagnosis - validity:
Outline aetiological heterogeneity
A
causes of symptoms are influenced by different factors
18
Q
Issues in diagnosis - validity:
give evaluations for validity of diagnosis for schizophrenic patients
A
- research support - Buckly
- DSM has multiple criteria - multiple ways to be diagnosed - broader and not subjected to just symptoms
19
Q
Issues in diagnosis - culture bias:
Outline the cultural influences on the diagnosis of schizophrenia
A
- cultural interpretations of schizophrenia symptoms
- negative cultural attitudes towards schizophrenia
- culture/nationality of the clinician
- race discrimination
20
Q
Issues in diagnosis - culture bias:
Outline studies supporting the influence of the culture of the clinician in diagnosing schizophrenics
A
Cochrane (1977) found Caribbean men are 7 time more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia when living in Britain
21
Q
Issues in diagnosis - culture bias:
Outline studies supporting the influence of race discrimination in diagnosing schizophrenics
A
Escobar (2012) found white doctors over-interpret symptoms of black patients during diagnosis
22
Q
Issues in diagnosis - culture bias:
give evaluations for the effect of culture bias on the validity of diagnosis of schizophrenic patients
A
- research support - cochrane, escobar
- practical applications - symptom pool
23
Q
Issues in diagnosis - gender bias:
Outline factors into gender bias when diagnosing schizophrenics
A
- unreported facts when diagnosing schizophrenia in men and women - men suffer more more severe negative symptoms and suffer from more substance related disorders. Goldstein (1993) found men are more likely to be involuntarily committed to psychiatric wards than women
- biased research - most research into schizophrenia has been conducted on men
- underdiagnoses of women suffering schizophrenia - leads to untreated patients as they may be denied access to treatment
24
Q
Issues in diagnosis - gender bias:
Outline studies into rates of diagnoses across the two genders across time in diagnosing schizophrenics
A
Longnecker et al (2010) reviewed studies of schizophrenic incidence and found prior to 1980s men and women were equally diagnosed, but since then men have been increasingly diagnosed more often
25
Issues in diagnosis - gender bias:
Outline studies into gender bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenics
Loring and Powell (1988):
- doctors were asked to review a case study and make a diagnosis
- when the patient was male, 56% schizo
- when female, 20% schizo (backs Longnecker)
26
Issues in diagnosis - gender bias:
give evaluations for gender bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenics
- research support - longnecker, loring and powell
- practical implications - women not being diagnosed and treated
- economic implications - schizo women not being able to work and contribute to the economy due to being untreated
27
Biological explanations - genes:
Outline the role of the C4 gene in schizophrenia development
- Particular forms of the C4 gene lead to increased risk of developing schizophrenia
- C4 assists in synaptic pruning
- faulty C4 gene leads to increased rate of synaptic pruning which leads to negative symptoms
28
Biological explanations - genes:
Outline studies into the role of genes in schizophrenia development
Ripke (2014) found 108 separate genetic variations associated with schizophrenia
- different variations of genes lead to different symptoms to different severities
29
Biological explanations - genes:
Outline studies into inheritance of genetic similarity in family members for schizophrenia
Gottesman and Shields (1991):
general population - 1%
3rd degree relatives (12.5% genetic similarity - cousins, aunts/uncles) - avg. 3%
2nd degree relatives (25% genetic similarity - grandchildren, half-siblings) - avg. 5%
1st degree relatives (50% genetic similarity - parents, siblings, children) - 12%
- dizygotic twins - 17%
- monozygotic - 48%
30
Biological explanations - genes:
Outline studies into the effect of inherited schizophrenia
Tienari et al (2000):
took adopted kids with and without schizophrenic mothers and worked out the likelihood of the children developing it.
- no schizophrenic mother - 1%
- schizophrenic mother - 10% even with no contact - shows large genetic impact
31
Biological explanations - genes:
Outline genes associated with schizophrenia and their impact
COMT, DRD4, AKT1 - all candidate genes
- all lead to excessive dopamine in D2 receptors
32
Biological explanations - genes:
give evaluations for the genetic explanation of schizophrenia
- biologically deterministic - no one chooses to have schizophrenia - against free will
- research support - tienari et al
- biologically reductionist - destined to have schizophrenia
- psychology as a science
- no 100% concordance rate - not a complete explanation
- leads to treatments - dopamine hypothesis lead to antipsychotics
33
Biological explanations - dopamine hypothesis:
Outline the first and second versions of the dopamine hypothesis as an explanation of schizophrenia
V1 - high dopamine causes schizophrenia
- when people were found with high dopamine and no schizophrenia it was reformed
V2 - Too many D2 receptors causes schizophrenia
- when people with a lot of D2 receptors were found without schizophrenia is was reformed
- neither version explained positive and negative symptoms - further reform
34
Biological explanations - dopamine hypothesis:
Outline how the third version of the dopamine hypothesis explains positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms - hyperdopaminergia:
- overactivity of the mesolimbic pathway which moves dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NA)
- too much dopamine
35
Biological explanations - dopamine hypothesis:
Outline how the third version of the dopamine hypothesis explains negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Negative symptoms - hypodopaminergia:
- mesocortical pathway disfunction (underactivity) which moves dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the cerebral cortex
- not enough dopamine
36
Biological explanations - dopamine hypothesis:
give evaluations for the dopamine hypothesis as an explanation of schizophrenia
- scientific adaptability - V1, V2, V3
- biologically reductionist - assumes dopamine is the sole reason for schizophrenia
- practical applications - drug treatments changing dopamine levels
37
Biological explanations - neuroanatomy:
Outline the three neuroanatomic correlations found in schizophrenia
- enlarged ventricles
- hypofrontality
- hippocampal-amygdala region
38
Biological explanations - neuroanatomy:
Outline enlarged ventricles as a correlation to schizophrenia
strong correlation between having schizophrenia and having enlarged ventricles (empty sacks in the brain that keep the brain held together)
- about 15% larger in schizos
- unclear cause and effect
39
Biological explanations - neuroanatomy:
Outline hypofrontality as a correlation to schizophrenia
decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the prefrontal cortex of the brain
- present in schizophrenia, ADHD, bipolar and major depression
- symptomatic
- unclear cause and effect
40
Biological explanations - neuroanatomy:
Outline hippocampal-amygdala region as a correlation to schizophrenia
both the hippocampus and the amygdala are smaller in volume and size
- leads to dulled emotional state - flat affect (negative symptoms)
41
Biological explanations - neuroanatomy:
give evaluations for neuroanatomic correlations
- biologically reductionist
- only a correlation - unknown cause and effect
- poor validity - hypofrontality covers ADHD, bipolar and major depression as well as schizophrenia
42
Psychological explanations - family dysfunction:
Outline the 3 key factors into family dysfunction as a psychological explanation of schizophrenia
- high levels of interpersonal conflict
- poor communication or difficulty in communicating
- being overly critical and controlling of children
43
Psychological explanations - family dysfunction:
Outline the 3 types of family dysfunction that could lead to schizophrenia
- schizophrenogenic (refridgerator) mother
- double-bind hypothesis
- high expressed emotion
44
Psychological explanations - family dysfunction:
Outline the schizophrenogenic mother as a type of family dysfunction that could lead to schizophrenia
Freida Fromm-Reichman:
- cold and distant mothers increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia
45
Psychological explanations - family dysfunction:
Outline the double-bind hypothesis as a type of family dysfunction that could lead to schizophrenia
Bateson (1950):
those raised in families with excessive conflict pose increased risk of schizo
- learned helplessness - key part of depression
- increased confusion and anxiety
- shut themselves off emotionally - negative symptoms (flat affect)
46
Psychological explanations - family dysfunction:
Outline high expressed emotion as a type of family dysfunction that could lead to schizophrenia
Families reaction to a deteriorating mental state can have a huge affect on the prognosis
- family members have no tolerance
- patient is 4 times more likely to relapse as a result
- severe hostility from family
47
Psychological explanations - family dysfunction:
Outline the term family schism in regards to family dysfunction as an explanation of schizophrenia
lack of emotional support/closeness
- leads to conflict and tension between the patient and family members
48
Psychological explanations - family dysfunction:
give evaluations for family dysfunction as an explanation of schizophrenia
- environmentally reductionist - assumes no biological influence
- practical applications - family therapy
- compare to biological explanations
49
Psychological explanations - cognition:
Outline dysfunctional thought processing in cognition as a psychological explanation of schizophrenia
- schizophrenics have a problem with a high-level cognitive process called 'meta-representation' (self-awareness)
- different types of cognitive dysfunction explain different symptoms (both positive and negative)
50
Psychological explanations - cognition:
Outline the first type of cognitive dysfunction as an explanation of schizophrenia
dysfunction in the 'central monitoring system' (CMS)
explains positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- misattribution errors as our inner articulatory control process (PL/WMM) is linked to external sources such as other people's voices and our own inner voice
51
Psychological explanations - cognition:
Outline the second type of cognitive dysfunction as an explanation of schizophrenia
dysfunction within the 'supervisory attention system' (SAS)
explains negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- focusses on decision making
- schizo's have a defective SAS so struggle to focus clearly
52
Psychological explanations - cognition:
Outline the third type of cognitive dysfunction as an explanation of schizophrenia
dysfunction within insight/egocentric bias
- schizo's may struggle to see other people's perspectives and may be super fixated on their own feelings
- schiso's may lack insight into their own disorder - may be unaware they have schizophrenia or are unwell
53
Psychological explanations - cognition:
give evaluations for cognitive dysfunction as an explanation of schizophrenia
- practical applications - CBT
- environmentally reductionist
- cognition cannot be empirically measured/observed - unscientific
54
Biological treatments:
Outline the two types of antipsychotics as a treatment of schizophrenia
- typical (1st generation)
- atypical (modern/2nd generation)
55
Biological treatments:
Outline the types of typical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
anticholinergic and noradrenergic
chlorpromazine - created in 1950s - primary typical antipsychotic - half life of 30 hours
56
Biological treatments:
Outline the aim of typical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
manipulating the dopamine levels to treat positive symptoms
- only works on positive and only works on dopamine
57
Biological treatments:
Outline the process of typical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
antagonises the dopamine system by blocking the receptor sites on the post-synaptic membrane (D2 receptors)
- based on V2 of the dopamine hypothesis
- dopamine antagonists
58
Biological treatments:
Outline the side effects of typical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
anticholinergic: dry mouth, urinary problems, constipation and visual disturbances
noradrenergic: low blood pressure, sexual dysfunction, nasal congestion
59
Biological treatments:
Outline different atypical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
clozapine, risperidone, lurasidone
60
Biological treatments:
Outline the aim of atypical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
tackling negative symptoms (although also works on positive symptoms)
- also works on dopamine but further works on serotonin and glutamate
61
Biological treatments:
Outline the process of atypical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
similar to typical antipsychotics, blocks the receptors of dopamine, serotonin and glutamate
- helps improve mood and cognitive function
- helps reduce depression and anxiety
- often given to suicidal patients
62
Biological treatments:
Outline the side effects of atypical antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
weight gain and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
- NMS is a life threatening, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic meds (including antipsychotics)
- symptoms of NMS include fever, muscular rigidity, autonomic dysfunction and altered mental state - you know, the thing your taking the drugs to stop happening!!! (think cost/benefit analysis)
63
Biological treatments:
How long do antipsychotics usually take to work with full effect when treating schizophrenia
4-6 weeks depending on the type of antipsychotic
64
Biological treatments:
Outline the link between the dopamine hypothesis and antipsychotics when treating schizophrenia
atypical antipsychotics are used for the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways, which relate to hyperdopaminergia and hypodopaminergia
V2 of DH states too many D2 receptors
Antipsychotics act as dopamine antagonists, blocking D2 receptors
65
Biological treatments:
Outline studies into the effectiveness of typical antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia
Davis et al (1989) ran a meta-analysis of over 100 studies comparing typical antipsychotics with placebos
found typical antipsychotics effectively treated 75% of patients within 6 weeks while less than 25% of the placebo group improved in the same time
66
Biological treatments:
Outline studies into the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia
Liberman et al (2005) compared the effectiveness or typical to atypical in 1432 patients with chronic schizophrenia
found 74% of patients discontinued treatment due to the side effects of atypical antipsychotics (NMS)
67
Biological treatments:
give evaluations for antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia
- compare typical to atypical - side effects or positive/negative symptoms
- cost/benefit analysis - sometimes the symptoms are so severe patients discontinue treatment
- biologically reductionist - only treats biological influences on schizophrenia
- research support - davis at al, liberman et al
- compare to CBT
- they don't treat schizo, they only mask the symptoms
68
Psychological treatments - CBT:
Outline the two techniques of CBT used to treat schizophrenia
- integrated psychological therapy (IPT)
- coping strategy enhancement (CSE)
69
Psychological treatment - CBT:
Outline integrated psychological therapy (IPT) as a CBT technique used to treat schizophrenia
group based therapy combining CBT with other idiosyncratic techniques with social activities to challenge the negative thoughts of the patient while improving social skills
70
Psychological treatment - CBT:
Outline coping strategy enhancement (CSE) as a CBT technique used to treat schizophrenia
rather than challenging the negative thoughts of the patient, CSE aims at developing coping strategies to assist the patient when symptoms are particularly present and difficult to deal with
71
Psychological treatment - CBT:
Outline the processes involved in using CBT to treat schizophrenics
- challenge irrational beliefs
- treat their delusions as hypothesis (rather than just saying they're irrational) - prove their beliefs wrong
- offer alternative interpretations of thinking
- teach then self-distraction techniques e.g. watch TV, listen to music - particularly good for auditory hallucinations but used for other types of hallucinations as well as other positive symptoms
72
Psychological treatment - CBT:
Outline the aspects of the therapist when using CBT to treat schizophrenia
- unconditional positive regard
- empathy
- respect
these factors boost the effectiveness of CBT
73
Psychological treatment - CBT:
Outline studies into the effectiveness of CBT as a treatment technique for schizophrenia
Bighelli et al (2018):
- 44.5% reached a reduction of 20% in symptoms
- 13.2% reached a reduction of 50% in symptoms
52.9% of the -20% had reduction in positive symptoms
24.8% of the -50% had reduction in positive symptoms
suggests CBT is more effective at treating positive symptoms than negative
74
Psychological treatment - CBT:
give evaluations for CBT as a treatment for schizophrenia
- research support - Bighelli et al
- compare to other psychological and biological treatments
- environmentally reductionist - assumes no biological influence
- therapy doesn't work for everyone - won't work for those who are too severe (need drug intervention)
75
Psychological treatment - family therapy:
Outline family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia
Boosting the support from family members to help the patient better manage their symptoms
76
Psychological treatment - family therapy:
Outline ways of establishing family support in family therapy when treating schizophrenia
- cooperative trusting relationships - full openness. all family members are given the opportunity to talk about their experiences without judgement - no secrets
- educate - family members taught about the condition to better understand it and what the patient is going through. boosts family tolerance and useful to lower expressed emotion issues
- practical coping strategies - coming up with family activities for when the patient is struggling
77
Psychological treatment - family therapy:
give evaluations for family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia
- decreased chance of relapse
- openness is difficult to achieve - some people may be reluctant to give opinions for fear of repercussions - reduced effectiveness
- environmentally reductionist
- compare to other psychological and biological treatments
- more beneficial for those living at home (teenagers - women don't typically get it until early 30s - less effective for women than men (early 20s, late teens))
78
Psychological treatments - token economy:
Outline token economy as a treatment for schizophrenia
using positive and negative reinforcement to either reduce the likelihood of unwanted behaviour happening or increasing the likelihood of wanted behaviour
79
Psychological treatments - token economy:
Outline how positive and negative punishment could be used in token economy when treating schizophrenia
alogia - giving the a token when they start a conversation (positive punishment)
flat effect - taking away a token if they don't show any emotion (negative punishment)
80
Psychological treatments - token economy:
Outline the issue with using token economy on positive symptoms when treating schizophrenia
positive symptoms are an excess of functionality, meaning something is being added to their behaviour e.g. hallucinations or delusions
all positive symptoms can therefore be faked, making a token economy useless
81
Psychological treatments - token economy:
Outline Thorndike's law of effect
If a behaviour is rewarded, it is more likely going to be repeated
or just look at Skinner's research on electrocuting rats (learning approach)
82
Psychological treatments - token economy:
Outline studies into the effectiveness of a token economy in treating schizophrenia
Gholipour et al (2012) found a token economy approach reduced negative symptom scores by 46% from 77 to 41
83
Psychological treatments - token economy:
give evaluations for a token economy as a treatment for schizophrenia
- can't be used to treat positive symptoms
- research support - gholipour et al
- poor long-term effectiveness - only works whilst the patient is in an institution (e.g. prisoners get tokens for good behaviour in prison but not in the real world. this is why criminals almost always go back to prison)
- environmentally reductionist - just look at the learning approach. assumes all behaviour is learnt not hereditary
84
Interactionist approach - explaining:
Outline how the interactionist approach could be used to explain schizophrenia
Diathesis-stress model
outlines an initial vulnerability to schizophrenia that is only activated when environmental stress is applied
85
Interactionist approach - explaining:
Outline the diathesis aspect of the diathesis-stress model when explaining schizophrenia
Meehls believed you must be born with a genetic, hereditary predisposition to schizophrenia in order to get it.
this could be a combination of the 108 genes associated with schizophrenia or a faulty dopaminergic system (think dopamine hypothesis)
It is now understood that the same predisposition from biology can be achieved through early childhood trauma
this trauma can then impact the development of the brain if it occurs early enough
86
Interactionist approach - explaining:
Outline the stress aspect of the diathesis-stress model in explaining schizophrenia
stressors - events causing stress
environmental events that put pressure on the diathesis causing the behaviour
could be one major event or a series of smaller ones
three main stressors:
family dysfunction
substance abuse
critical life events e.g. parental divorce as a child
87
Interactionist approach - explaining:
Outline how the diathesis and stress aspects come together to cause schizophrenia
with the right stressors, stress is put on the genetic or developmental predisposition TRIGGERING off the behaviour
88
Interactionist approach - explaining:
Outline studies into the role of stress
Walker found schizophrenics have significantly more cortisol in their system than non-schizophrenics. (cortisol is the stress hormone).
He further found a positive correlation between the amount of cortisol and the severity of symptoms
He also found cortisol was high pre-schizophrenia showing cortisol is a direct factor/influence in the development of schizophrenia - no wonder teachers moan at you about managing stress
leads to biological (cortisol drugs) and psychological (therapy to reduce stress) treatments
89
Interactionist approach - explaining:
give evaluations for the interactionist approach when explaining schizophrenia
- combines biological and psychological explanations - increased explanatory power
- leads to more effective treatments - multi-pronged approach
90
Interactionist approach - treating:
Outline the importance of treating schizophrenia is viewed in the UK
NICE (national institute of health and care excellence) specifically said treatments should involve 'full range of psychological, pharmacological, social and occupational interventions'
for comparison, these are the same people who don't let the NHS use life saving cancer treatments because they are too expensive
- shows the intensity of schizophrenia and how important it is viewed that it is successfully treated
allows for a multi-pronged approach - multiple treatments used at the same time
91
Interactionist approach - treating:
Outline studies into the effect a multi-pronged approach has on the symptoms when treating schizophrenia
Tarrier et al (2004) found antipsychotics and therapy showed lower symptom levels than those who only took antipsychotics
92
Interactionist approach - treating:
Outline studies into the effect a multi-pronged approach has on the effectiveness of treatments of schizophrenics
Guo et al found patients who received both antipsychotics and therapy have improved insight, quality of life and social functioning than those who only took antipsychotics
combination treatment patients also have a reduced chance of discontinuing treatment or relapsing
93
Interactionist approach - treating:
Outline what is meant by insight in regard to mental health
Insight is the extent to which patients know they are unwell
more insight means increased chance of successful treatment
- schizophrenics usually have little to no insight at the start of treatment whilst people with OCD typically have higher insight
94
Interactionist approach - treating:
give evaluations for using the interactionist approach in treating schizophrenia
- research support - guo et al, tarrier et al
- economic implications - more effective so gets people back to work faster, but is more expensive
