1
Q
Define Articulation
A
- Joint is another name for Articulation
- An Articulation (joint) is the point of contact btw
- bones
- cartilage and bones
- teeth and bones
2
Q
Discuss the 2 major classification systems of joints?
A
- Structural Classification system is based on the atomical characteristics has two criteria;
- synovial cavity space or lack of space between 2 bones
- type of connective tissue holding bones together
- 3 types of joint classifications
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
- Functional Classification system based on the type of movement the joint allows there are 3 types of joint classifications
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
3
Q
Define Kinesiology
A
The study of how the body moves
4
Q
Define Arthrology
A
The study of joints
5
Q
What factors determine the movements at a joint?
A
- The shape of the bones that articulate
- the tension at the ligaments
- the amount of tension between muscle and tendons.
- the hormones circulating through your body
6
Q
Compare and contrast the terms of synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.
A
- Synarthroses means no movement happens at the joint
- Amphiarthrosis means there is a little movement at the joint
- Diarthrosis means the joint moves freely
- all are synovial joints
- have many shapes which offers different types of movements
7
Q
Compare and contrast the terms of Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial Joints
A
- Fibrous Joints
- have no synovial cavity
- bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibres
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Have no synovial cavity
- bones held together by cartilage
- Synovial Joints
- Bones that form the joint have synovial cavity
- bones held together by
- Dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule
- Accessory ligaments
8
Q
Name the three types of fibrous joints, and give an example of each.
A
- Syndesmosis
- Found in the Distal Tibiofibular Joint
- Amphiarthrosis
- Found in Gomphosis (dentoalveolar joint) Roots of teeth and the sockets (alveoli)
- Synarthrosis
- Found in the Distal Tibiofibular Joint
- Suture
- Found in the skull Frontal and Parietal bones
- Amphiarthrosis in children and infants
- Synarthrosis in adults
- Found in the skull Frontal and Parietal bones
- Interosseous Membrane
- Found in Radius and Ulna joint (forearm)
- Found in Tibia and Fibula joint (leg)
- Amphiarthrosis
9
Q
Name the three types of cartilaginous joints and describe them.
A
- Synchondrosis
- binds joints with hyaline cartilage
- found btw 1st rib and manubrium of the sternum
- can be amphiarthrosis or synarthrosis
- Symphysis
- Ends of articular bones covered in hyaline cartilage and connect to a broad flat disk of fibrocartilage
- Found in the midline of the body
- Pubic Symphysis at the anterior surface of the hip bones
- amphiarthrosis
- Found at the intervertebral joints btw vertebrae
- amphiarthrosis
- Found at junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum
- amphiarthrosis
- Epiphyseal Cartilage
- growth centers during endochondral bone formation
- found in the epiphyseal plate that connects epiphysis with the diaphysis of long bone
- synarthrosis
- when the epiphyseal plate stops growing becomes synostosis as hyaline cartilage replaces the epiphyseal cartilage
10
Q
Describe cartilaginous joints
A
- little to no movement
- articulating bone are tightly connected by
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- There are 3 types of cartilaginous joints
- synchondroses
- symphyses
- epiphyseal cartilage
11
Q
Describe a typical synovial joint.
A
- Synovial Cavity is the most important aspect
- Each bone is covered in Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- Within the Synovial cavity is a substance called Synovial Fluid
- Surrounding the synovial cavity are the articular capsules which are on each side of the articulating bones.
- The articular capsule has 2 layers
- Fibrous Membrane (outside)
- made up of dense irregular CT w mostly collagen fibres
- attaches to the periosteum of articulating bones
- Known as ligaments as they are in bundles
- Synovial Membrane (inside)
- Made up of areolar CT w elastic fibres
- has accumulations of adipose tissue called articular fat pads
- Fibrous Membrane (outside)
12
Q
List the types of movements allowed by synovial joints, and give examples of each.
A
- Gliding
- bones move side to side or back in forth in relation to one another
- Found btw the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula
- Angular Movements
- an increase or decrease in the angle btw articulating bones
- Motions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, extension and hyperextension.
- Found when bending head towards chest
- Rotation
- Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
- Found when turning head side to side saying “no”
- Special Movements
- Include elevation, depression, protraction, retraction inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, pronation, supination.
- Found when moving the foot up and down.
13
Q
Describe the six subtypes of synovial joints.
A
There are 6 subcategories of synovial joints
- Plane Joint - flat or slightly curved
- move back and forth or side to side
- Biaxial Joint
- may also rotate
- Triaxial Joint
- move back and forth or side to side
- Hinge Joint
- Convex shaped bone fits into a concave bone
- allow flexion and extension
- uniaxial
- Pivot Joints
- rounded or pointed bone fits into a ring formed of bone and ligament
- uniaxial
- rounded or pointed bone fits into a ring formed of bone and ligament
- Condyloid Joints
- convex oval-shaped bone its into a concave oval-shaped depression of another bone
- biaxial
- convex oval-shaped bone its into a concave oval-shaped depression of another bone
- Saddle Joints
- saddle-shaped bone fits into the saddle shape
- biaxial
- saddle-shaped bone fits into the saddle shape
- Ball and Socket Joints
- ball-shaped bone fits into a cup-shaped depression of another bone
- triaxial
- ball-shaped bone fits into a cup-shaped depression of another bone
14
Q
List the special movements that can occur at some joints.
A
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Dori-flexion
- Plantar-flexion
- Supination
- Pronation
- Opposition
15
Q
Describe the structure and function of the knee joint
A
Structure:
- Articular capsule - muscle tendons strengthen it
- patellar ligament - extends from the patella to the tibia and strengthens the anterior surface of the knee
- oblique popliteal ligament - strengthens the posterior surface of the joint
- arcuate popliteal ligament - strengthens the lower lateral part of the posterior surface of the joint
- tibial collateral ligament - strengthens the medial aspect of the joint
- fibular collateral ligament - strengthens the lateral aspect of the joint
- anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - extends posteriorly and laterally from the tibia to the femur. Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur and limits hyperextension
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - extends anteriorly and medially from the tibia to the femur. Prevents posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
- menisci - fibrocartilage discs btw the tibial and femoral condyles. Helps compensate for the irregular bone shapes. 2 menisci of the knee, medial and lateral
- these are connected to one another by the transverse ligament of the knee.
- bursae - saclike structure filled with fluid which reduces friction.
16
Q
What is articular cartilage?
A
Articular cartilage is the hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint.
(Page 159)
17
Q
What are articular disks? What is their function?
A
Articular disks (menisci) are pads of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints. They function to stabilize the joint.
(Pages 160–161)
18
Q
Name and briefly describe the functional types of joints.
A
- Synarthroses; immovable joints
- Amphiarthroses; slightly movable joints
- Diarthroses; freely movable joints
(Page 157)
19
Q
Bending the foot in the direction of the sole is known as:
A
Plantar Flexion
BIOL1593
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