osmoregulation
osmoregulation = maintaining balence of water retention and ion/ metabolite concentrations
renal system purpose
- maintiaing blood and plasma volumes
- removing toxins from the body
- producing and segreting hormones and enzymes
anatomy of human kidneys
- kidneys @lower thoratic cavity/ upper abdominal cavity
- renal artery= where kidney recieves blood
- renal vein= where blood travels out
- uters= carry urine to the bladder
explain kidney stones
califications of either
1. calcium
2. cystine
3. struite (UTI)
4. uric acid (high protein diet)
layers of kidney
cortex- outer layer
medulla= inner layer
nephron
= site of blood filtration in kidney
where blood is filteredinto tubical fluid
turbual fluid eventually becomes urine
aka bowman’s capsule
- filtration (where and what)
glomerulus= at entrance of nephron
mesh cellular filter
pressure here is relatively high
hypertension can lead to overfiltration
at cortex
- proximal convoluted tubuole (PCT)
where passive and active transport of water begins
- loop of henle
= u shaped portion of nephron that contains
a) descending limb: (water out)tubular fluid inside loop gradually becomes more consentrated as a result of active transport (osmossis) of water
b) assending limb= (salt out) turbulent fluid inside loop becomes more dilute to rebalance osmolarity
- passive transport of solute in this segment
- active transport of solute in thick segment
- distal convoluted tubuole (DCT)
more passive and active transport of water molecules and metabolites
- collecting duct
provides final opportunity to consentrate tubular fluid via active transpport of water (aquaporin)
- dependent on cencntrration of hormone
mictruitiono (urination)- how control
how you can control it
- sympathetic branch
- relaxes muscles of bladder so it can fill up
- closes interna (smooth muscle spincter) - parasympathetic branch
- constricts bladder to allow for urination
- relaxes internal and external spincters - somatic nervous system
- conscious sensory awareness of fulness of bladder
- controlling bladder
2 protein channel pumps and their purposes in nephrons
- sodium potassium pumps (atpases)
- actively transports 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions
- moves both ions against concentration gradient
- at multipke parts including PCT =thick segment of ascending liimb - aquaporins
- at collecting duct and other areas
- facilitate osmosis of water biy are coupled w active and passive transportation of ions
amine groups (what make them up and examples of where they are)
amino acids + nitrogeneous bases= amino groups
ex== ammonia 9aquatiic animals), urea, and uric acid
urea= watse from many terrestrial animals and aquatic mammals
- incorperated into tubular fluid at end of collecting duct
uric acid= intermediate for production of urea
- primary waste for many birds and reptiles
anti diuretic hormone (ADH)
moderates urine volume annd amount of water retained in body
high= permeability of collecting duct is high= more water reabs= lower urine volume
low= higher urine volume
diuretic def
chemicals that can result in less water retention
RAAS
fdnin angiotensin-aldosterone system
regulated blood pressure
- [renin] high in kidney= higher bp
- angiotensinogen (activated by renin) converted into angiotensin II by ACE
- angiotensin II= constricts arteriole walls = increasing bp
- aldosterone= secreted from adrenal glands to increase permeability of ascending ___ for salts= increasing bp
