lymphatic system

Question 1

adaptive immune system

Answer 1

= protect body from foreign antigens

supported byt lymphatic system

Question 2

lyphatic system purpose and specialized structures

Answer 2

purpose= circulates lymphatic fluid via lymph vessles and lymph nodes (lymph nodes= where immune cells are formed)

specialized structures= thymus, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow, muccus membranes

Question 3

lymphatic fluid (what where produced)

Answer 3

clear filtrate of blood plasma, blood proteins, and other metabolites and lymphocytes

produced in lymph nodes (bc there is constant exchange between blood and lymph vessles that allows lymptatic fluid to be produced

metastisis cancer can happen bc cells can enter and exit through blood in lympth nodes

Question 4

Pathogens

Answer 4

= foreign invaders that can cause infection and or disease once they enter body

Question 5

triggers of immune response

Answer 5

1. physical injuries
   bc triggers inflamatorry response bia first line of defense
2. antigens
   interpreted as forign
   leads to increased release of histamine
3. autoimmune disorders
   when immune response is triggered for normal cellular activity

Question 6

cells of immune system order of categorizarion

Answer 6

stem cell= myloid progenitor (granulocytes),/ lymphoid stem cell (lymphocytes)

Question 7

types of lyphocytes

Answer 7

b cell progenators
t cell progenators
natural killer cells

Question 8

types of granulocytes

Answer 8

netrohils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells
monocytes

Question 9

innate immune response

Answer 9

2nd line of defense
relys on pre-existing granulocytes and non specific antibodies antibodies to target foreign invaders
resp= within hours

Question 10

adaptive immunity

Answer 10

3rd line of defense
releys on pre-existing lymphocytes and specific antibodies to target foreign invaders and escape 2nd line of defense

resp= days
positive feedback loop bc layered on top of eachother

Question 11

what 2 factors make adaptive immune response

Answer 11

1. cell mediated
2. humoral
   - initial recongnition of a pathogen by helper t cell
   - release of cytokines (subset=interlukins)
   - cytokines activate cytotoxic (cd8) t cells
   - attack infected cells

Question 12

memory b cells

Answer 12

primed to respond to particular antigen
circulate for long periods of time in body

Question 13

plasma b cells

Answer 13

secrete antibodies
direct humoral response

Question 14

cytotoxic (cd8) cells t cells

Answer 14

directly destroy infected cells
attack body’s own cells in case of autoimmune diseases

Question 15

helper (cd4) t cells

Answer 15

• mediate inflammation levels
• recongnize pathogen levels via binding to antigens and releasing cytokines

Question 16

antibodies def

Answer 16

bind to specific antigen and signal response
initial detectors
aka immunoglobins (round shape immune cells)
characteristic= y shape, secondary and tertiary

Question 17

5 classes of antibodies

Answer 17

1. immunoglobin A (lgA)
   - exclusively found within muccus and other bodily fluids like breast milk protects against pathogens
2. lg D
   - component of b cell receptors
   - activate basophils mast cells and other granulocytes
3. lgE
   - most closely associated w allergic response
   - circulates through blood vessles
4. lgG
   - largest class of antibodies that are most effective at destroying antigens
   - circulate through lyphatic vessles
5. lg M
   - antibody activated in first infection
   - increases in quantitiy as infectuon spreads
   - circulate body through lyphatic vessles

Question 18

major histo compatability complexes (MHC)

Answer 18

1. class 1 of mhc
   - self antigens= distinuish normal cell from pathogen cell when detected by cytotixuc t cells
2. class II of mhc
   - only expressed in certain types of immune cells
   - bind to antigens on foreign pathogenic cells

Question 19

what determines compatibility in transplants

Answer 19

mhc determine if organ/tissue is viable for transplantation if rejection occurs

Question 20

types of graft rejection

Answer 20

1. direct pathway
   - mhc 1 from allogenic apc (donor cell/tissue)
   - this innitiates cell mediated immune response
2. indirect pathway
   - mhcI on allogenic apc is digested to proide allogenic peptides that bind to cdk t cells
   - this slower and less intense cell mediated response

Question 21

cytokines and subclasses

Answer 21

= signaling proteins, initiate and mediate different types of immune response

1. inferons
   - antiviral
   - directly target viruses to prevent them from replication
   - activate cells in immune syystem nesessary to neutralize virus
2. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
   - pro-inflammatory molecules
   - promote tissue repair
   - directly eliminate cancer cells to prevent tumor growth
3. Interlewkind (IL)
   - multiple roles
   - initiate immune response
4. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)
   - broad functions regulating to cell division, cell groth, and apoptosis
   - disregulation is observed in many cancers

Question 22

complement system

Answer 22

• series of 25 protein
• support humoral immune response and neutralize pathogen among infection
• 1st complement binds to antibody which releases more complements and complexes

Question 23

3 types of treatment vaccinations

Answer 23

1. antiboitics
2. antiviral
   - infection after its been infection
   - specific to specific viral infections
3. inocculations (vaccines)
   - build up on individuals adaptive immune response to particular pathogen