lab 2

Question 1

describe prokaryotic cell/dna

Answer 1

• usually unicellular
• small
• no nucleus
• single loop of DNA (everything codes for something)
• no membrane bound organelles
• no cytoskeleton

Question 2

Eukaryota includes:

Answer 2

protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Question 3

Describe eukaryotic cells/dna

Answer 3

• membrane bound nucleus houses dna
• specialized organelles
• plasma membrane
• plant cells have cell walls

Question 4

protist

Answer 4

• any eukaryote lineage that’s not a land plant, animal, or fungus
• most are microscopic, single celled organisms
• autotrophic or heterotrophic
• reproduce sexually or asexually
• most move with cilia, flagella, or pseudopoda
• paraphyletic (evolved > 1 time)

Question 5

physarum polycephalum

Answer 5

• plasmodial slime mold in the super group Amoebezoan
• moves hydrostatically with pseudopods
• feeding/movement with chemotaxis
• goes into resting state (sclerotineum) in poor conditions
• complex decision making ab food without central info. processing center

Question 6

physarum lifecycle

Answer 6

sporic meiosis

• diploid zygote chills and grows (unless poor conditions), engulfing other cells
• matures into sporangium
• sporangium develops spores-> meiosis happens–> spits out haploid spores
• flagulated spores are gametes, but so are amoeboid spores
• spores fuse to make zygote

Question 7

Paramecium

Answer 7

• large, unicellular, heterotrophic protist
• easy to see nuclear envelope and digestive vacuoles
• belongs to supergroup chomalveolate

Question 8

Euglena

euglenids

Answer 8

• unicellular flagellated organisms
• 1/3 are photosynthetic, 2/3 are chmoheterotrophic
• excavates supergroup

Question 9

Trichonympha

diplomonads and parabasalids

Answer 9

• unicellular and parasitic
• no mitochondria
• excavates supergroup
• termite endosymbiont –> produces enzymes to degrade cellulose (helps termites digest wood)

Question 10

congo red dye

Answer 10

• Red at ph 5 or up
• purple at ph 3-5
• blue below ph 3

Question 11

Fucus

Answer 11

• part of supergroup stramenopiles
• brown algae (kelp)
• capable of photosynthesis, but not a plant
• produces gametes for sexual reproduction via gamete meiosis
• multicellular specialization:

fronds = leaves
stipe = stem
holdfast = roots

Question 12

fucus reproduction

Answer 12

gametic meiosis

• zygote grows (has air bladders for floating)
• has receptacle = sack holding conceptacles where gametes live
• antheridium = male receptacle (produce sperm)
• oogonium = female receptacle (produce eggs)

Question 13

Saprolegnia

Answer 13

• part of supergroup Stramenopiles
• part of class Oomycota
• not a fungus, but acts like one
• multicellular
• saprobic or parasitic
• agricultural pathogens (irish potato blight)
• body is a mass of cell width filaments (hyphae)
• multiple nuclei in single plasma membrane (coenocytes)
• sexual reproduction = oogonium

Question 14

Biomineralization in protists

Answer 14

incorporation of minerals into living tissue

• increases strength via bones or exoskeleton
• silicon or calcium
• protection from predators or environmental conditions
• ballast for buoyancy
• increase light harvesting for photosynthetic organisms

Question 15

Foraminifera

Answer 15

• part of supergroup Rhizaria
• marine chemoheterotrophs
• patterned deposits of calcium carbonate
• global climate importance –> move C to deep sea sediments
• pseudopods extend out into environment for feeding and movement

Question 16

Diatoms

Answer 16

• part of supergroup Stramenopiles
• photosynthtic –> red algal secondary endosymbiosis
• unicellular
• aquatic
• shell is made of silicon dioxide
• drift with currents
• appearance is coincident with grass evolution due to Si from grassland runoff