Bio 102 - LAB > Lab 3 > Flashcards

Lab 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous and Muscle Tissue

A

sponges (porifera) don’t have specialized tissue but Cnidarians do (they have nerve and muscle cells)

  • sponges organized at the cell level
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2
Q

Symbiotic Relationships

A

when two species have a close relationship
- both species mutually get benefits from each other

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3
Q

Gas Exchange for Cnidarians

A

just like sponges, cnidarians don’t have a specialized gas exchange structure

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4
Q

Background for Cnidarians

A

cnidarians are also called Cnidae (Aristotle made this term up)
- they have specialized cells that push out a structure that looks like a barbed thread so they can capture their prey and sting for defense

  • about 11,000 species of cnidarians and only 20 are fresh water (the rest are from the ocean)
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5
Q

Corals

A

Corals are cnidarians that live in colonies
- each coral deposits a calcium carbonate cup
- the reef = the calcium carbonate cup that many corals have deposited over time

reefs:
- they support more species than any other marine environment
- reefs support over 25% of all marine species

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6
Q

Coral Ecosystem Benefits - Real World

A

coral reef services are about 9.9 trillion $$ annually because of fisheries, tourism, and protection

  • the reef provides jobs, income, and food
  • they protect areas from the ocean current
  • needed to prevent storm damage
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7
Q

Coral Reef Medical Applications

A

compounds from coral reefs have been in treatments for cardiovascular diseases, ulcers, leukemia, and skin cancer

  • coral’s skeletal structure has been used to make bone grafting
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8
Q

Cnidaria Body Plan

A

in Clade Metazoa
- cnidarians form tissues
- so they’re in Eumetazoa too because they develop true tissues

tissues = morphologically similar cells that are organized for specific functions

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9
Q

Formation of Germ Layers - Fertilization

A

formation of germ layers which become tissue layers

Start with fertilized egg: one cell formed by egg and sperm united
- more cells get produced from cell division during cleavage stage

cleavage: makes a hallow ball of cells
- the ball = blastula
- the blastula is one layer of cells surrounding fluid
- each blastula has the same DNA as the original fertilized egg

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10
Q

Formation of Germ Layers

A

cells at one end of the blastula fold inward
- this makes a two-layered embryo = Gastrulation

the 2 sheets of cells formed by gastrulation = germ layers
- germ means part of something developing

germ layers: form 2 germ layers and each gives specific tissues in the body
endoderm: inner layer

ectoderm: outer layer

***animals that develop from 2 germ layers = diploblastic animals

**embryo of a cnidarian develops into larva

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11
Q

Polyp and Medusa

A

Cnidarians can be in 2 forms

Polyp: cylidner-like body
- mouth points up and tentacles wave above
- ex: sea anemone
- sessile (can’t move)

Medusa: bell-shaped body with the mouth pointing down
- tentacles hanging below
- body plan is similar to jellyfish
- free swimming or free-floating

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12
Q

Symmetry

A

Cnidarians have radial symmetry
- the body parts are around a central axis so each part comes out of the center
- You can cut the animal in half along the axis in more than one plane to get identical halves

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13
Q

Basic Cnidarian Anatomy

A

cnidarians body wall is made of 3 layers
- parts of the cnidarian body wall are made of tissues

Inner tissue layer = gastrodermis which develops from the endorderm germ layer

outer layer = epidermis
- develops from ectoderm germ layer

middle layer = mesoglea
- non-living, gel material

**inner and outer cell layers form tissues

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14
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity

A

the central internal space = gastrovascular cavity
- the opening to this space serves as both the mouth and the anus

  • surrounded by tentacles
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15
Q

Cnidarians Change Forms

A

some cnidarians change from the polyp and medusa forms
- they live differently

  • medusa and polyp use different environments and so adults don’t compete with the larvae

***not all cnidarians change between medusa and polyp

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16
Q

Organization of Nervous System

A

Cnidarians have nerves (sponges don’t)
- cnidarians diffuse, and have a noncentralized nervous system

  • don’t have a true brain
  • they have a system of separate neurons throughout the body
  • it looks like a net because fibers shoot off the neurons to connect them
    ***called a nerve net

***because it’s a nerve net, the stimulation of a neuron on one part of the body causes a signal spreading out over the entire network of neurons thru the body

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17
Q

Cnidarian Muscles

A

cnidarians have 2 sets of muscles with opposing actions
- when a muscle is stimulated by neurons, it shortens
- when the stimulation stops, the muscles relax

muscles can only contract and relax
- muscle can’t legnthen itself

***to return to it’s original shape after contracting, something needs to stretch it back into that shape

set of muscles that have opposte actoosn = antagonists
ex: think your bicep contracts your arm up and the tricep pushes your arm back down

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18
Q

Longitudinal and Circular Muscles

A

circadians have antagonists muscles = longitudinal and circular muscles

longitudinal: run up the length of anemone

circular muscles: run around the anemone

***the body of the animal has both sets of muscles in the body wall (looks like lines going vertical and lines going horizontal)

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19
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

cnidarians have fluid support system = hydrostatic skeleton
- used by an anemone to maintain its shape and structure by giving support
- can also cause a change in shape

hydrostatic skeleton:
- any change in the pressure that gets applied to an enclosed, noncompressible fluid travels to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the containing vessel

  • non-compressible fluid = when a pressure is applied to the fluid, there’s no change in the volume
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20
Q

Compartments changing shape

A

the compartment is a fluid-filled internal space that’s closed

muscles, stimulated by nerves, put pressure on the fluid in the wall of the space

***for the compartment to change shape in a different direction, another set of muscles that are in a different direction is needed (ex: fingers wrapped around a balloon in diff. directions)

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21
Q

Requirements for Hydrostatic Skeleton

A
  1. an enclosed cavity containing substance (usually water) that can’t be compressed
  2. the volume of fluid in cavity is constant when pressure is applied (compartment must remain closed)
  3. the cavity is between a set of muscles that act opposite to each other (antagonistic muscles)
  4. nerve cells stimulate muscles to contract (shorten)
  5. the cavity is surrounded by a flexible outer body membrane so that when there’s pressure on the outer body wall, it changes shape

(ex: think how a water balloon acts)

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22
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity for Hydroskeleton

A

the gastrovascular cavity is the internal fluid filled space that’s line with the gastrodermis

  • it extends into the tentacles
  • the volume of the fluid inside remains constant when the mouth is closed
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23
Q

Feeding: Getting and Ingesting Food

A

***Cnidarians do suspension feeding
- they grab food suspended in the water current flowing by them

  • the tentacles have a specialize structure = nematocyst
  • it’s a barbed, venomous, coiled thread-like structure (it’s in the cells of the tentacles)
  • if a jellyfish has ever stung you, then you have experienced nematocyst

***chemical or touch stimulation can cause the discharge or firing of the nematocyst
- the barbed thread is uncoiled and extends out of the cells where it snags the food or is used for defense

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24
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

the gastrodermis is the inner layer of the tissue of the gastrovascular cavity
- the gland cells of teh gastrodermis secrete enzymes that chemically break down the food into building block molecules (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)

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25
Distribution of Digested Nutrients
the gastrovascular cavity branches to all parts of the body, including into the tentacle - the nutrient molecules are transported to every cell of the body thru these branches with the help of the cillia moving (cilia = look like hairs and move back and forth) - the cells absorb the digested nutrients from the gastrovascular cavity (GVC) ***GVC does both digesting and circulatory functions
26
Getting Rid of Undigested Material
any material that isn't digested has to leave the body through the mouth **only one opening into the GVC so the opening is the mouth and the anus ***called an incomplete digestive system - because there's only one openiong, cnidarians eat a lot at one time, digest it, and then expel the waste ***this type of digestive system means they can't continuously feed
27
Gas exchange
Cnidarians don't have good structures for effecient gas exchange like lungs - just like sponges, gas exchange happens thru direct diffusion (oxygen diffuses into each cell and CO2 leaves each cell)
28
Excretion of Wastes
protein is broken down into amino acids - extra amino acids are converted into nitrogenous wastes that must be removed from the body nitrogenous waste = ammonia
29
Symbiosis: Cnidarians and Zoocanthellae
symbiosis is a relationship between 2 or more organisms that live closely together - many cnidarians are symbiotically associated with populations of single-celled photosynthetic, marine algae called zooxanthellae (they house in their tissues) - the algae transfer the molecules to their cnidarian host in return for access to nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients from cnidarians - the algea get a place to live and are protected from their predators - cnidarians get their color from algae living inside of them (***both the cnidarians and the zooxanthellae (algae) benefit) - cnidarians need the zooxanthellae for nurtrients
30
Coral Reefs - Hard Corals
the type of corals that build reefs = hard corals - they extract calcium carbonate from sewater and use it to make a hard skeleton for protection and growth - coral reefs are created by millions of polyps that form big calcium carbonate structures
31
Coral Reef Video
- coral uses miscroscopic hooks from its tentacles to trap the food - the polyp then draws the food into its mouth to digest it - the inner layers of the polyp's tissues are where zooxanthellae (algae) they harness light from the sun using photosytnethis - the algae convert sunlight into sugars
32
Breakdown of Symbosis Video
polyps have all the sturctures that the animal needs - all polyps are genetically the same tentacle: - these cells are inside the coral cells - the symbionts are inside the gastrodermis - if the temperature goes up and light goes up, then there's too much energy and the photosystems break (they can't function) - but the energy stays, and the extra energy turns into reactive oxygen molecules which damage the cell -- they spit the symbiont out (***if the entire colony does it = coral bleaching) - if coral bleaching happens, the coral turns from tan color to white - the symbiont gives 75-80% of energy needed to survive, and without that energy, the coral can't make a skeleton and can't live long - most corals that have coral bleaching die
33
Coral Reef Environmental Conditions
- they need specific conditions to live - have to be in shallow water (30-100 ft) - need to be in sunlit water - need warm water (73-90 Farenheit) - clear water - in cloudy water with sediment, it can block the sun from the coral - wastewater in the ocean near a reef can contain too many nutrients that can cause seaweeds to overgrow the reef
34
Climate change and coral
- CO2 in the atmosphere is bad because of the greenhouse effect greenhouse effect: needed for warmth - the radient energy comes from sun into atmosphere - the earth returns ra-radiets as infrared raditation or heat - a lot of that heat goes back into outerspace - without the greenhouse effect the avg. temp would be 0 Farenheit (oceans would freeze) - this doesn't happen because greenhouse gasses absorb some of the infared radiation in oiur atmosphere and these gasses re-emit heat back into earth's surface and help earth heat up to 59 degrees farenheit - humans have been adding CO2 to atmosphjere by burning coal, oil, and natural gas - when these are burned, the carbon combines with O2 in air to form new CO2 - more CO2 means atmosphere can absorb more heat
35
Aptasia
found on the southern gulf of the US and gulf coasts can be a pest --> reproduces fast and stings coral
36
Dissecting Microscope
the microscope goes in the same way where the arm faces out (you) total magnification: .8x - 3.5x *dont touch the lock screw eye piece --> gives 10x magnification diopter rings = adjust for the eyes (the black things that you twist) focus knob: moves the body up/down for focusing
37
Other Dissecting Microscope things
control knobs on the sides of the microscope transmitted light source and control: light is on the opposite side of the specimen and will be transmitted thru the specimen reflected light source and control: used to study opaque specimens
38
Tissues - Def.
cnidaria have true tissues (sponges do not) tissues = a group of similar specialized cells that originated together in development and they perform a specific function - the cells of a tissue can communicate with each other which coordinates their function
39
Fertilization
egg and sperm join with one nucleus = zygote cleavage: the zygote divides and divides until it's a blastula (made of one layer of cells)
40
Gastrulation
the cells on the surface reorgnaize by invaginating (they move inward) - each layer becomes a germ layer -- the cells in each germ layer interact with one another to develop into all the specific tissues of the body
41
Gastrovacular Cavity
fluid-filled central cavity in the cnidarian = gastrovascular cavity - it gives the anemone shape and support along with the mesoglea **the GVC extends into each of the tentacles *one opening in the anemone (it is both the anus and the mouth)
42
Germ layers develop into tissue layers in fully formed animal
each has specific functions diploblast = animal that develops from 2 germ layers (anemone) -- developed from the endoderm and ectoderm germ layers
43
Mesoglea (middle layer)
the middle layer (between the gastrodermis and the epidermis) - made of gel non-living material - it also provides shape and support
44
Organization of nerve Tissue
*they have a nerve net - nerve net of cnidaria is a diffuse nervous system (neurons connect throughout the body to form a net) - no centralized brain *some cnidarians have some integration centers that allow for some coordinated response - all of this is important for them to do swimming, feeding and change in shape
45
Hydrostatic Skeleton
this is the rule: any change in the pressure applied to an enclosed, non-compressible fluid is transmitted and undiminished to every portion of the fluid and then to the walls of the containing vessel requirements: 1. internal space filled with non-compressible substance (ex: water) 2. the volume of water must remain contant 3. neurons needed to stimulate the muscles (when neurons stimulate muscle, it contracts (shortens) - the contracting muscle puts pressure on the fluid and the fluid transmits the pressure to body wall --> ***this causes change in shape of body and tentacle 4. antagonistic muscles surround the cavity (the muscles move in opposite directions) 5. the body wall must be flexible
46
Why can Anemone stand?
the anemone is able to stand up straight bc of the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the GVC - the hydrostatic skeleton also allows the anemone to charge shape by using the antagonistic set of muscles
47
2 body forms of Cnidarians
***the anemone = polyp form - mouth faces up ***the jellyfish has the medusa form -- mouth faces down - the bell = the head or hood of the jellyfish ***the mesoglea can get really big because they have a lot of mesogleas
48
Moon Jelly - medusa
the muscles cause the bell to contract and push water, then the muscles relax the elasticity of the mesoglea and it returns the bell to its original shape **the bell is filled with mesoglea
49
Cassiopeia - Upside down Jellyfish
they have tiny balls of stinging cells that swim around on their own and zap anything in their path *they have a photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae) in their tissues and the products of photosynthesis can be used by the jellyfish - found in sheltered coastal areas, shallow water so there's enough sunlight for the zooxanthellae in their tissues - the bell continues to pulse to push water over the jelly's tissue and provides it with oxygen and bringing food - their oral arms are made of green color ***the colorful arms are packed with algae for photosynthesis and stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense
50
Jellyfish Swimming: Ocean's most effecient swimmer
- circular muscles contract forcing water out from under the bell - mesoglea acts like an antagonist by returning to its original shape (doesn't require energy) after the circular muscles relax *when they contract their bells, they create 2 vortex rings - jellyfish sequeeze and reopen thru each swim cycle
50
Sensory Structures
moon jelly: at every indentation of the bell, there's a sensory structure - it senses light, gravity, touch, and chemicals box jelly: has eyes on thier sensory structures
51
Jellyfish Swimming - most effecient swimmier
circular muscles contract forcing water out from under the bell - mesoglea acts as antagonist by returning to its original shape (doesn't need energy) after the circular muscles relax - the jellyfish spends less energy - they have 2 vortex rings underneath their bodies that spin in opposite directions
52
Alternations of Generations Life Cycle
**jellyfish alternate between polyp and medusa 1. polyp (budding, asexual) produces medusa 2. then medusa makes polyp (sexual reproduction -- egg and sperm) *back to 1 - the polyp makes medusa (budding, asexual)...
53
Obelia Life Cycle
the reproductive polyp turns into medusa and then sperm and egg - then it goes to zygote and then swimming larva - then it goes back to polyp *then the cycle starts again
54
Acontia
from the jellyfish - thread like structures in the gastrovascular cavity - they are released thru the mouth and pores in the column where the anemone is disturbed **ejected acontia are loaded with nematocysts which sting anything disturbing it like a predator ***nematocysts are on tentacles and acontia for defense
54
Tentacle
prey touches the tentacles where nematocysts located inside the cell - the nematocysts are discharged - the barbed ends go thru and attach to prey *the barbs inject venom ***nematocysts on tentacles for grabbing food
55
Elimination of Undigested Material
cnidarinas have an incomplete digestive tract - one opening for both mouth and anus GVC - Incomplete Digestive Tract - cnidarians eat a bunch of food at one time, digest, then expel feces (all thru same opening) complete digestive tract: - continuous feeding possible -- food in one opening (undigested material out a different opening)
56
Dried Sea Fan
the flat, thin one ***it has many individual polyps - uses small, feathry tentacles to feed by capturing animal plankton that drift in the water current
57
Coral Polyp, Coral Colony, and Coral Reef
Coral Polyp: individual animal - similar anatomy to anemone except it secretes a calcium carbonate skeleton Coral Colony: - the coral polyp divides to form an additional genetically identical polyps that become a colony-asexual reproduction coral reef: colonies of many different species of coral make a reef
58
Corals Build the Reef
the polyp uses calcium and carbonate ions from seawater to build itself a hard, cup-shaped skeleton made of calcium carbonate ***the skeleton protects the soft, delicate body of the polyp *tiny polyps can create massive reef structures
59
Natural Stresses on Reefs
storms, cyclones, hurricanes - El nino or other weather pattern that increases sea surface temperature, decreases sea level -- increases salinity predation: fish, marine worms, barnacles, crabs ***coral populations can usually recover from these natural periodic distrubances but if they happen at the same time as other human induced distrbances, the coral populations might not recover
60
Anthropogenic (caused by humans) stresses on reefs
- climate change - destructive fishing practices - pollution - sedimentation: erosion caused by construction - careless tourism and recreational impacts
Bio 102 - LAB
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