1
Q
Which groups of cells allows the plant to constrain movement of water and nutrients to the symplastic pathway? What are the characteristics of those cells that support that function?
A
From the endodermis, through the meristem as the Caspian strip
2
Q
Which structure is where secondary roots originate? How is that possible?
A
From the pericycle and it is possible because of meristematic
3
Q
Where are the fungal hyphae found in endomycorrhizae? What does the hyphae look like (describe)
A
Fungal hyphae can be found around the plant roots with them penetrating the walls of cells in the root cortex. They look like little needles coming out of the roots
4
Q
What are the fungal hyphae providing to the plant partner?
A
It provides an increased absorption of H2O and nutrients add nutrients to the soil
5
Q
What is the plant providing to the fungal hyphae
A
The plant provides nutrients such as Carbohydrates, sugars, and lipids
6
Q
Where are the fungal hyphae found?
A
Fungal hyphae are found around the root and between ___
7
Q
What do the fungal hyphae look like?
A
They look like little red strains
8
Q
What do the fungal hyphae provide to the plant
A
Fungal hyphae facilitates the uptake of water and nutrients from the soil, provide defense against root pathogens and enhance growth and stress tolerance
9
Q
What does the plant provide to the fungal hyphae
A
Plants provide fungal hyphae with carbohydrates and other essential proteins
10
Q
3 different types of lichens
A
Foliose, fruitcose, crustose
11
Q
Real life examples of Foliose and appearance description
A
Dried moss and dried coral look
12
Q
Real life examples of fruitcose and appearance description fruitcose, crustose
A
Similar to dry curled up leaves
13
Q
Real life examples of crustose and appearance description
A
Flat, more of a pattern than 3D structure
14
Q
Lichen labeling
A
15
Q
Are the algae most abundant close to the upper surface, close to the lower surface or generally scattered throughout the thallus? Does it appear that the fungus is providing a “home” for the algae? What are the algae providing to the fungus?
A
They are more abundant on the lower surfaces. It provides a ‘root’ for the fungi to live in. They provide nutrients such as carbohydrates (along with other sugars) plus some carbon
16
Q
What is the description of the distinct structures you see on these roots (bean/pea plants)
A
Small nodules that look like pea-sized bumps
17
Q
What is the description of bacteroids in the cortex cells of the roots?
A
They are tiny dark spots in the cortex
18
Q
Symbioses table labeling
A
19
Q
(Using phenology table) what is an accurate statement of relationships?
A
B. A crocodile is more closely related to a bird than to a lizard
20
Q
(Using phenology table) which if the 4 marks in the tree above correspond to the most recent common ancestor of a mushroom and a sponge?
A
D
21
Q
(Using phenology table) assume the ancestor was a herb without leaves or seeds. Based on thr tree and assuming that all evolutionary changes in these traits are shown, which of the tips has a tree habit and lacks true leaves?
A
A. Lepidodendron
22
Q
(Using phenology table) Viridiplantae may be defined not include all the descendants of the last common ancestor of Volvox and land plants. Which taxon or set of taxa are not in Viridiplantae
A
A. Nori
23
Q
(Using phenology table) which of the 4 tree above depicts a different pattern of relationships than the others?
A
C
24
Q
(Using phenology table) assume the ancestor had a long tail, ear flaps, external testes, and fixed claws. Based on the tree and assuming that all evolutionary changes in these traits are shown, what traits does a sea lion have?
A
D. Short tail, ear flops, abdominal testes, and fixed claws
25
(Using phenology table) which is true about the common ancestor?
B. The common ancestor of goldfish and humans lived before the common ancestor of birds and humans
26
(Using phenology table) what is an accurate statement of relationships
B. A green algae is more closely related to a pine than to a red algae
27
(Using phenology table) student A says that pine is the most advanced species b/c is is the most recent. Student B says that the pine is the least advanced species b/c all the other branch off it. Student C says that all the species are equally advanced b/c that have all evolved the same amount of time from their common ancestor? Which student is correct?
C. Student C
28
(Using phenology table) the term “invertebrates” has historically been applied to include all animals that lack a vertebral column. What is a not an invertebrates?
A. Frog
E. Lamprey
29
(Using phenology table) what is a true statement about “invertebrates” (question 11)
B. The traits that have all invertebrates share are those that were present in the first animals
D. Some invertebrates are more closely related to vertebrates than they are to other invertebrates
30
(Using phenology table) what is a true statement about “invertebrates” (question 12)
B. Some organizations have a vertebral column but lack collagen
C. All organizations with a vertebral column also have embryos
31
Label the land plant lineages
32
Why is the name of the collector and collector number important
B/c they form a unique identifier to help people find the plants easier
33
Why would locality data, and data of collection, be important for an herbarium specimen?
B/c they provide essential information for taxonomic, ecological, and conservation research
34
What re 2 ways in which herbarium specimens can be used for research purposes?
Documenting plant distribution and DNA analysis
35
Why is it important to limit the amount of shoot tissue when propagating using cutting?
It minimizes water loss and redirects the plants energy toward root formation
36
Which natural plant hormone is being mimicked by the commercial rooting hormone being used?
They are designed to mimic neutral plant hormone auxin, which stimulates root formation
37
What is expected to happen to the axillary buds on the “mother” plant after you removed the apical meristem?
They axillary buds (that were previously dormant) will begin to grow to replace what would’ve grown got, the apical meristems
38
Flower diagram labeling
39
Ovary labeling
40
Placentation types and labeling
41
3 different corolla symmetry
Radial, bilateral, asymmetrical
42
Radial def
Mirror images in 2 or more planes
43
bilateral def
Mirror images in only 1 plane
44
asymmetrical def
Not divisible into mirror image in any plane
45
Symmetry labeling
46
Superior vs inferior ovary difference
Superior is the above the attachment of petals, etc
47
Superior vs ovary label (tell them apart)
48
Different types of superior ovary
49
Different types of inferior ovary
50
Floral dissection box fill out labeling
51
Dry fruits def
Tissues composed of dead cells at maturity
52
Indehiscent def
Types of tissue Not opening
53
Achene def
1 carpel, 1 seed, seed attached to pericarp at only one point
54
Samara def
A winged achene
55
Cypsela def
2 carpels, ovary inferior, 1 seed, commonly a pappus
56
Grain def
2,3 carpel, the 1 seed cost fused to pericarp
57
Nut def
1-3 carpels, pericarp hard and stony
58
Schizocarp def
2 carpels, sometimes more of compound ovary, breaks apart into one seeded portions at maturity, maples presses a schizocarp of samaras
59
Dehiscent def
Opening to release the seeds; these have definite lines or points of breakage which split under tension
60
Follicle def
1 carpel, splits along on one side
61
Legume def
1 carpel, splits on 2 sides
62
Capsules def
Carpels more than 1
63
Silique def
2 valves separated by a replum
64
Fleshy fruit def
Tissues sugary, or fatty parenchyma at maturity
65
Berry def
Entire pericarp fleshy, may have one or more carpels and one to many seeds. The exocarp may be skin like or rindlike
66
Drupe def
Thin skin like exocarp, fleshy, mesocarp, stony endocarp,. Usually 1 seeded
67
Pome def
Endocarp papery; ovary inferior. The bulk of the flesh is accessory tissue and develops from the floral tube
68
Pepo def
Fruits of the members of the Cucurbitceae with a firm exocarp, fleshy, watery mesocarp, and numerous seeds
69
Hesperidium def
Fruits of the members of the citrus family with leathery separable exocarps that develop from a single ovary with numerous carpels that develop into segments with juice vesicles
70
Compound def
Collections of fruits of various of the above categories while tend, more or less, to hold together as a mature fruit
71
Aggregate def
the separate carpels of one flower stay together as a unit
72
Multiple def
All of the fruits from an inflorescence stay together
73
Fruit types labeling
74
Fruit dissection chart labeling
75
What 2 things do angiosperms produce in their reproductive cycles that gymnosperms do not?
Fruits and flowers
76
What 2 main things must happen for seed and fruit to begin forming?
Pollination and fertilization
77
Which part of the flower will develop into seed
The ovule
78
Which part of the flower will develop into fruit
The ovary
79
How do you distinguish aggregate fruit from multiple fruit
Aggregate - the separate carpels of one flower stay together as a unit
Multiple - all of the fruits from an inflorescence stay together, cluster or flowers
80
Who’s the difference between an indehiscent and dehiscent fruit
indehiscent - do not open naturally to release seeds
dehiscent - open to release seeds have definite lines or pointe of breakage which split under tension
81
Moss life cycle labeling
82
Liverworth life cycle labeling
83
Lycopodium Strobilus labeling
84
Fern life cycle labeling
85
Macerate wood labeling
86
Wood sections labeling
87
Male pine come labeling
88
Ovuliferous labeling
89
Seed and embryo labeling
90
Woody dicot stem diagram labeling
91
Is the diploid tissue a part of the sporophyte or gametophyte generation
Sporophyte generation
92
Is the life cycle of Marchantia dominated by the sporophyte or gametophyte generation
Gametophyte generation
93
Does the sporophyte create spores or gametes
Spores
94
Are the cells of the thallus haploid or diploid
Haploid
95
Do they belong to the gametophyte or the sporophyte generation
Gametophyte generation
96
What is dichotomous branching
A type of plant growth where the main axis or stem and repeatedly divides into 2 branches
97
What is the function of rhizoids? Are they true roots? Why or why not
Anchor the plant to a substrate to absorb water and nutrients, not true roots b/c they lack vascular tissue
98
What is the function of the gemmae cups? What do the gemmae turn into?
A structure for asexual reproduction. A gemmae grow into new, genetically identical plant
99
Are the gemmae haploid or diploid? Are they produced through mitosis or meiosis?
Haploid, produced through mitosis
100
What is missing from “leafy” gametophyte and rhizoids that means they lack true leaves and roots
Vascular tissue
101
How many eggs are produced by one archegonium
One
102
How do sperm reach eggs
Have flagella and reach egg by swimming through film of water to enter
103
What is formed when the sperm fertilizes the eggs? Where is this cell located
Zygote, in the archegonium
104
If a gametophyte has a sporophyte attached, is it a make or female gametophyte
Female
105
What process produces a change in chromosome number between the spore mother cells and spores
Meiosis
106
Are spores (diploid) 2n or n (haploid)
Haploid
107
What environment conditions in nature would cause the peristome to open and release the spores? How are the spores dispersed
Changes in humidity and wind, spores dispersed by wind, also dry low humidity causes peristome to open
108
What is a microphyll and how does it differ from megaphyll
Microphyll - a type of plant leaf with 1 singular, I branched leaf vein
The difference between microphyll and megaphyll is made up of a complex network of veins and leaf gaps. Micro only has 1 vein and no leaf gaps
109
In spike moss is there any reproductive structures visible? Would they be sproangia or gametangia
No structures are visible
110
How are microspores and megaspores different? What will each of these spores types develop into and what is the ploidy level of the organism
Micro - develop into male gametophyte (haploid)
Mega - develop into female gametophyte (haploid)
111
Where are the spores of the isoetacae located for members of this family? What ploidy are the spores
The spores are haploid. The spores are located in the sporangia
112
What is a strobilus? In what 2 ways are the sporophylls distributed on the stems
Strobilus - a come like clusters of sporophylls on one axis.
It can be distributed by a aggregated into specialized cones or distributed singly among sterile
113
What is a megaphyll and how does it differ from microphyll?
Megaphyll - a large complex leaf with a branching systems of veins
Unlike microphyll that only has one vein, microphyll, has a lot of veins
114
Why do we call a modified stem a modified stem? Where are the sporangia and are they aggregated into distinct structures
Underground portion is the rhizomes. Sporangia are on stem like/branch like structures
115
Where the strobili located and what do they contain
At the end of the stem and they contain spores/sporangia
116
Which structure in the gametophyte contains the egg? Which structure in the gametophyte contains the sperm? What is the ploidy for each of these structures holding the gametes
Both structures holding gametes are haploid. Antheridia contain the sperm. Archegonia contain the egg
117
What is the function of ray in wood? Are the cells parenchyma, collenchyma, or schlerenchyma? What tissue system are they are part of
To provide lateral transport of water and nutrients throughout the stem, made of parenchyma, part of the vascular system
118
Why are annual rungs distinguishable?
Difference in cell size and thickness between the wood produced in spring versus late summer/early fall, the growth cycle of fast growth to slow growth/dormancy in winter creates light and dark bands marking each yearn
119
Are the xylem cells in the interior of the cross section or newer than ones further to the exterior of the cross section
Xylem cells on the interior are older than the ones closer to the exterior, they are separated by vascular cambium that pushes older layers to exterior, but very middle is the primary growth that is the oldest
120
What specific types of treachery elements are present in angleosperm wood? How can you tell them apart when looking at a cross section
Tracheids and vessel elements are present
Vessel elements - large visible part that form long tubes to transport water, look like holes
Tracheids - small and narrow cells, form long chains lot least it looks like it and don’t have holes
121
Are the phloem cells more interior within the cross section older or newer than the cells further toward the exterior
Phloem cells on the interior are newer than cells on exterior
122
What structure defines the border between the wood and the bark
Vascular cambium
123
Which specific tracheae’s element is present in the xylem for this species and most of the larger taxonomic groups of vascular plants we have covered so far
Tracheids
124
Where is the actively conducting wood located? What is it called?
Called sapwood located just inside the bark of the tree and transports water
125
Where is the wood that is no longer fictional? What is it called?
Heartwood is dead and not functional, located on/in the inner core of the tree trunk
126
Which annual rings were formed last in the stem
The outermost rings
127
What is the function of the rays
Facilitating transport of water and nutrients across the trunk, can also store food
128
What structure creates the bark
Vascular cambium (inner bark)
Cork cambium (makes outermost bark)
129
What is wood
The primary product of secondary growth, secondary xylem, material that forms trunks and branches of trees
130
Where is the vascular cambium located
Between the xylem and phloem
131
Why doesn’t secondary phloem contribute much to the girth of a stem
The older layers get crushed as the stem increases in circumference, while secondary xylem have lignin and don’t get crushed as easily or at all
132
Cycads - are they sporophyte or gametophyte
Sporophyte
133
Cycads - what type of species is present in collaroid roots that perform nitrogen fixation
Symbiotic Cyanobacteria
134
Cycads - where is the gametophyte located
Gametophyte are located in cones
Male gametophyte - pollen, produced in pollen cone
Female gametophyte - ovule, housed in female cone
135
Where the 3 genera of gneophytes in lab
Gnetum, welwitschia, ephedra
136
Is the fleshy reproductive structure a fruit or a seed
A naked seed with a fleshly covering b/c it lacks an ovary wall and is not enclosed in a fruit
137
How did the evolutionary innovation of pollen improve reproduction for land plants that have it? What is no longer necessary for fertilization
Allowed for plants to reproduce sexually without needing water for fertilization -> pollen grains now have protective coat so they can be transported by air or animals
138
Do male gametophytes of gymnosperms have antheridia
No, antheridia are found in seedless plants
139
What is the function of wings on pollen
The wings aid in increasing in surface area and spread of spores
140
What is the function of tube cell
Develops into pollen tube that delivers sperm cells to ovules for fertilization
141
What is the function of microphyle
To guide polle tube to egg cell during fertilization, also acts as an entry point for water and oxygen into seed during germination
142
What is the approximate length of an ovuliferous cone at this point in development
Pollination that is one centimeter
143
Is megasporocyte haploid or diploid
Diploid
144
What is it called when microphyle has a pollen grain lands on it. Could fertilization occur at this point in the development of the ovule? Why or why not
Called porogamy, fertilization can occur b/c pollen tube can enter ovule through the opening to deliver sperm cells
145
What structure provides nutrition to the developing embryo in a pine seed
Female gametophyte tissue
Megasporangium/nucellus
146
What of the ovule developed into the seed coat
The integuments
147
Are pollination, how does a sperm cell reach an egg for fertilization to take place
Through the reproductive tract
148
How many seeds for a mature ovuliferous cone developed on each ovuliferous scale
Usually 2 on each
149
How much time did it take for the seeds to mature following pollination
18 months
150
What is another name for the megagametophyte
Embryo sac
151
How do seeds increase reproductive fitness as compared to lacking seeds
Embryo protection (seed coat)
Nutritional support (female gametophyte in pines)
152
How many generations are present in a pine seed
3 generations; mature sporophyte (2n), female sporophyte (n), new sporophyte (2n)
Botany
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