Language Development PART 2 (LECTURE 9)

Question 1

There are components of language that help us learn it better (4)

Answer 1

1. Sounds
2. Words
3. Combinations
4. Context

Question 2

Sounds

Answer 2

Individual bits of language

Question 3

Phonemes

Answer 3

The elementary units of any spoken language

Question 4

Learning a language requires able to _______ and _____ its smallest parts

Answer 4

Distinguish and identify

Question 5

Are the same amount of phonemes used in every language?

Answer 5

Across all languages there are ~200 phonemes, within any single language only a subset is used e.g. english = 44, Japanese 29 etc.

Question 6

The first vocalizations for infants start at around __-__ weeks, babies will start “______”

Answer 6

6-8 weeks, cooing

Question 7

Cooing

Answer 7

Making drawn out and varied vowel sounds

Question 8

Early practice with producing speech sounds allow the infants to (2)

Answer 8

1. Gain motor control over the vocal system
2. Increase awareness that vocalization elicit responses from others

Question 9

Babbling occurs at around __-__ months, and this is:

Answer 9

6-10 months, strings of repeated “bits” of language

Question 10

What do babies babble?

Answer 10

Their native language! They take the sounds, rhythms, and patterns of intonation of the language around them

Question 11

Manual babbling

Answer 11

Native signing infants produce repetitive hand movements that are smaller components of full signs

Question 12

So usually infants are already _____ speakers and listeners long before first words!

Answer 12

Native

Question 13

There are two main puzzles for language learners to solve (2)

Answer 13

1. Segmentation
2. Reference

Question 14

Segmentation

Answer 14

How we tell words apart

Question 15

Language reflects ________ patterns

Answer 15

Statistical patterns! — some words/sounds occur together more often

Question 16

Language reflects _______ patterns e.g.?

Answer 16

Statistical patterns

E.g. distributional properties as clues “Pretty // Baby”

Question 17

Segmentation evidence:

8 month olds heard 4 made up words (bidaku golabu…) for 2 minutes no pauses. They would turn their heads when:

Answer 17

They heard a previously heard word e.g. “Golabu” but also on part words e.g. “Bubida”

Question 18

Reference

Answer 18

What do words mean?

Question 19

Reference evidence:

Bergelson and Swingley (2012) found that 6 month olds when presented with two objects did what?

Answer 19

Looked to an object that corresponded to its name!

Question 20

For word learning to be possible, learners must have ________ __________ that limit number of meanings they consider

Answer 20

Default assumptions

Question 21

How could we find out what words mean? (5)

Answer 21

1. Fast mapping
2. Whole-object bias
3. Shape bias
4. Cross situational word learning
5. Mutual exclusivity

Question 22

Fast mapping

Answer 22

How children can learn new words after even just one exposure/or referred to indirectly e.g. pointed at

Question 23

Whole-object bias

Answer 23

How children assume the word refers to the whole object and not a part, action, or property

Question 24

Shape bias

Answer 24

How Children extend novel words to objects of the same shape

Question 25

Cross situational word learning

Answer 25

How we map words to a common thing across many separate instances

Question 26

Mutual exclusivity

Answer 26

The assumption that each thing will have only one name, children can infer what a new word is by ruling others out

Question 27

To express complexity with language, we must first _______ words. ______ gives us rules and structures for _________

Answer 27

Combine Syntax Combinations

Question 28

Children are sensitive to _______ before they start producing it themselves, and can use the rules of ______ to help with learning new words after even meanings

Answer 28

Syntax

Question 29

Holophrasic period are _____ _______ _________ There is no _______ (until __ years old)

Answer 29

1. Single word utterances 2. no syntax 3. until 2 years old

Question 30

Telegraphic speech: first sentences are ____-_____ _____________ Show ______!

Answer 30

1. Two-word utterances 2. Show syntax!

Question 31

If children have knowledge of syntax rules, they should be able to _____ it in new cases they haven’t heard before e.g. “This is a wug” “Now there is another one, There are two of them. there are two _____”

Answer 31

Apply, wugs

Question 32

Words

Answer 32

Which bits go together and what do they mean?

Question 33

Combinations

Answer 33

Putting words together changes their meanings

Question 34

Context

Answer 34

The tone, place, time, and people involved

Question 35

Pragmatic knowledge

Answer 35

Understanding the different ways language can be used and what it means

Question 36

Pragmatic knowledge consists of (4)

Answer 36

1. Contextual variations 2. Cultural rules 3. Emotional tone 4. Communicative intent

Question 37

Children use ___-_____ of others to infer the meaning of ambiguous statements

Answer 37

Eye-gaze

Question 38

Older preschools can track the ______ of an ambiguous statement to figure out a speaker’s intention

Answer 38

Emotion

Question 39

Turn-taking! Know something about the ______, ________, ________ use of language that supports our early ________ ________.

Answer 39

Shared, communicative, reciprocal Conversational development