Who developed Trait & Factor Theory and what is its focus?
Frank Parsons; matching personal traits with job factors.
NCE Clues: Objective testing, Person–environment fit, Early career guidance.
What predicts satisfaction in Holland’s theory?
Congruence between personality type and work environment.
RIASEC: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional. Key Concepts: Congruence, consistency, differentiation, identity.
What is the central concept in Super’s Life-Span, Life-Space Theory?
Self-concept across the lifespan.
Stages: Growth → Exploration → Establishment → Maintenance → Decline. NCE Clues: Recycling, Life roles, Career maturity/adaptability.
What limits career choice in Gottfredson’s theory?
Gender roles, prestige, and social class perceptions.
Key Concepts: Circumscription = eliminating options, Compromise = settling. NCE Clues: Children eliminate careers early, Social status & gender focus.
How are career decisions made in Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory?
Through learning experiences and chance events.
Key Concepts: Learning experiences, Task-approach skills, Planned happenstance. NCE Clues: Chance events, CBT influence.
What is the CASVE cycle used for?
Career decision-making.
CASVE: Communication, Analysis, Synthesis, Valuing, Execution. NCE Clues: Negative career thoughts, Metacognition.
What drives career choice in Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)?
Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and goals.
Developers: Robert Lent, Steven Brown, Gail Hackett. NCE Clues: Bandura, Barriers & supports, Confidence.
What is emphasized in career construction theory?
Meaning-making through stories.
Key Figure: Mark Savickas. NCE Clues: “Tell me your story”, Life themes.
What is the primary goal of Bowen Family Systems therapy?
Differentiation of self.
Techniques: Genograms, detriangulation. NCE Clues: Therapist neutrality, Anxiety regulation.
What does Minuchin focus on in Structural Family Therapy?
Family structure, boundaries, and hierarchy.
Techniques: Joining, enactment, boundary making. NCE Clues: Present-focused, Therapist is active.
How are problems viewed in Strategic Family Therapy?
Symptoms serve a function.
Key Figures: Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes. NCE Clues: Brief, Directives & paradox.
What is emphasized in Experiential Family Therapy?
Emotional expression and self-esteem.
Key Figures: Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker. NCE Clues: Here-and-now, Therapist authenticity.
What type of causality does the Milan model use?
Circular causality.
NCE Clues: Team behind mirror, Neutrality, Hypotheses shift.
What is the focus of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)?
Solutions, not problems.
Key Figures: Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg. NCE Clues: Miracle question, Exceptions.
How are problems viewed in Narrative Family Therapy?
Problems are external to the person.
Key Figures: Michael White, David Epston.
What defines behavioral family therapy?
Observable behavior change.
NCE Clues: Reinforcement, Contracts, Measurable goals.
What is emphasized in psychoanalytic family therapy?
Unconscious processes and past relationships.
NCE Clues: Insight-oriented, Transference.
What is central to multicultural/feminist therapy?
Power, gender roles, culture, and social justice.
NCE Clues: Oppression awareness, Therapist self-reflection.
What are the Golden Rules of research?
- Reliability is required for validity
- Correlation ≠ causation
- Internal validity = cause
- External validity = generalization
- NOIR = Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
These rules guide the understanding of research validity and reliability.
What is a Type I error?
Rejecting a true null.
This error occurs when a test indicates a significant effect when there is none.
What is a Type II error?
Failing to reject a false null.
This error occurs when a test fails to detect an effect that is present.
What does a positive skew indicate?
Tail right.
This means that the majority of data points are concentrated on the left side of the distribution.
What does a negative skew indicate?
Tail left.
This means that the majority of data points are concentrated on the right side of the distribution.
What does a t-test compare?
2 means.
This statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.
