NCE app

Question 1

J. P. Guilford’s work consisted of

Answer 1

Studying intelligence, specifically convergent and divergent thinking.

He found 120 elements or abilities that contribute to intelligence

Question 2

Describe a cross-sectional study

Answer 2

It collects data at a single point in time from different age or demographic groups.

Question 3

Releasing a minor’s therapy records requires…

Answer 3

including obtaining consent from both parents if they share legal custody.

The minors preferences should be considered, as they are directly impacted by the disclosure.

If the parents do not agree or if further clarification is needed, the attorney may need to seek a court order.

Question 4

Mary Cover Jones work focused on

Answer 4

the concept of curing or treating phobias through the process of desensitization or counterconditioning. She demonstrated that learned behaviors could be unlearned or treated.

Question 5

John B Watson work focused on

Answer 5

causes of behavior, particularly the learning of phobias.

Question 6

The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire was created by

Answer 6

Raymond Cattell

Question 7

A society is…

Answer 7

A society is a self-perpetuating independent group with a defined territory and a shared social structure. It consists of individuals who interact within a specific geographical and social context.

Question 8

The Gelatt Decision Model

Answer 8

utilized in career counseling

is based on the idea that decisions are driven by information, which is organized into predictive, values, and decision.

This model emphasizes the importance of gathering and evaluating information to make informed career decisions.

The value system involves personal values and desires

the predictive system involves forecasting possible outcomes based on available data

the decision system involves evaluating the current situation and information.

By organizing information into these categories, individuals can make more structured and effective career decisions.

Question 9

The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test battery

Answer 9

standardized neuropsychological tool with nine independent tests to assess higher-level cognitive skills (executive functions) in children and adults

Contains Nine Tests: Includes the Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency, Design Fluency, Color-Word Interference (Stroop-like), Sorting, Twenty Questions, Word Context, Tower, and Proverb tests.

Question 10

What is a key difference between flooding and implosive therapy

Answer 10

Implosive therapy uses exclusively the imagination

Flooding involves direct actual exposure to fears

Question 11

Yaloms 11 principles of group therapy

Answer 11

altruism
cohesion
universality
interpersonal learning input and output
guidance
catharsis
identification
family re-enactment
self-understanding
instillation of hope
existential factors.

Question 12

What is the WIAT-III (Wechsler Individual Achievement Test ) designed to measure

Answer 12

Achievements in academic subjects like reading, writing, and mathematics

This assessment can be used to diagnose specific learning disabilities such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia

It can be used to guide treatment planning and to inform educational and career discesions

Question 13

Emory Bordus social distance scale in the 1920s measured..

Answer 13

Individual attitudes and feelings toward various ethnic groups

Assessed level of social acceptance or distance individuals felt toward different cultural or ethnic backgrounds

Question 14

Which type of family therapy views the family as a system of interconnected individuals?

Answer 14

Structural therapy

Structural therapy view the family as a system of interconnected individuals which build a family structure sometimes called a family sculpture.

Question 15

Premack principle

Answer 15

A high probability behavior is used to reinforce a low probability behavior

For example, “you can do videogames after you do your homework”

Question 16

How does contextualism relate to individualism in understanding human behavior?

Answer 16

Individualism is a theoretical approach that emphasizes the importance of individual factors such as personality traits in shaping behavior

contextualism emphasizes the importance of external factors such as the environment and social context.

Question 17

The y-axis, used to plot the frequency of the dependent variables, can also be called the:

Answer 17

Ordinate

Question 18

What does the y axis represent

Answer 18

The y axis, which represents the frequency of the dependent variable (DV) or experimental data, can also be referred to as the ordinate. It is the vertical axis on a graph.

Question 19

Statistically, what is required to compare a control group with an experimental group?

Answer 19

A significance test.

Question 20

Which social psychology theorist, associated with cognitive consistency, is known as cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 20

Leon festinger

Question 21

The Rosenthal effect

Answer 21

occurs when a researcher’s expectations or beliefs about individuals influence their behavior.

Example: An elementary school counselor falsely tells a teacher that certain students are expected to excel based on a test, and those students do indeed excel by the end of the year.

Question 22

What else is the Rosenthal effect called?

Answer 22

Experimenter expectancy effect

Question 23

Daniel Levinson’s contributions to the field of psychology include:

Answer 23

writing the seminal works
“Seasons of a Man’s Life” and its sequel “Seasons of a Woman’s Life”

theorizing about a specific midlife crisis period for both men and women.

Levinson’s research focused on adult development, proposing that life consists of a series of developmental stages, each with its own challenges and potential for growth.

His work on the midlife transition period is particularly notable for its insights into the challenges and changes individuals face during this stage of life.

Question 24

WPPSI-IV

Answer 24

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

designed to assess intelligence of children aged 2 years and 6 months to 7 years and 7 months

Question 25

What is the term used to describe a period of uncertainty and confusion about one's self-concept and beliefs, values, and goals?

Answer 25

Identity crisis refers to a period of uncertainty and confusion in which a person's sense of identity becomes insecure, typically due to a change in their expected aims or role in society.

Question 26

What is the most appropriate intervention for a group member who is experiencing severe anxiety?

Answer 26

Encourage the group member to take a break with a facilitator

Question 27

What does a Type I error represent in research?

Answer 27

Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (false positive).

Question 28

Type II error

Answer 28

Failure to detect a true effect (false negative)

Question 29

In ethical documentation practices, what is the importance of regular and timely documentation?

Answer 29

continuity of care and communication between providers, as well as ensuring that accurate and up-to-date information is available for client treatment and decision-making.

Question 30

What is the "L" (Lie) scale in the MMPI-2 used to evaluate?

Answer 30

An individual's level of underreporting

Question 31

When do you use stratified sampling?

Answer 31

When specific proportions of subgroups need to be represented It ensures that each subgroup (in this case, African Americans) is represented proportionally to their prevalence in the population. Simple random sampling would not guarantee this representation.

Question 32

Cluster sampling

Answer 32

A cluster sample is a sampling method where the researcher divides the entire population into separate groups, or clusters. Then, a random sample of these clusters is selected. All observations within the chosen clusters are included in the sample. This method is typically used when the population is large, widely dispersed, and inaccessible. The clusters should ideally mirror the characteristics of the population as a whole. An example of cluster sampling is a school district wanting to survey student satisfaction: they divide the district into neighborhoods (clusters), randomly pick a few neighborhoods, and then survey every student in those chosen neighborhoods, instead of trying to survey all students across the entire district.

Question 33

Horizontal sampling

Answer 33

Horizontal sampling refers to sampling across different groups or contexts at the same point in time, rather than following the same individuals over time (which would be vertical or longitudinal sampling). usually called cross-sectional or between-groups sampling,

Question 34

When is horizontal sampling (cross-sectional or between-groups sampling) usually used

Answer 34

When time or funding is limited When studying group differences When developmental change is not the main focus When longitudinal follow-up is impractical

Question 36

Vertical sampling

Answer 36

Vertical sampling refers to collecting data across time or developmental levels, focusing on change, progression, or continuity rather than differences at a single moment.

Question 37

In group work, which of the following is NOT a therapeutic benefit of group therapy?

Answer 37

It reduces the cost of therapy. While group therapy may indeed be more cost-effective compared to individual therapy, this is a logistical advantage rather than a therapeutic benefit.

Question 38

In research, what is the role of an extraneous variable?

Answer 38

An extraneous variable is an uncontrolled variable that may impact the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, potentially confounding or distorting the study's findings.

Question 39

in William Glasser's Choice Theory, individuals are seen as motivated by…

Answer 39

pictures in their minds-mental images of what they want and what they believe will fulfill their needs. Glasser emphasizes that these pictures influence our choices and behaviors.

Question 40

In reality therapy, the therapist-client relationship is characterized as:

Answer 40

Comparable to a friend inquiring about issues.

Question 41

What is the primary difference between dual relationships and multiple relationships in professional ethics?

Answer 41

Dual relationships involve two roles, while multiple relationships involve more than two.

Question 42

Overgeneralization

Answer 42

occurs when a researcher draws a broad or universal conclusion based on insufficient or limited evidence such as using the outcome of a single case to claim that a treatment is effective for all individuals.

Question 43

Deductive reasoning

Answer 43

a logical, "top-down" process where you start with general statements (premises) and use logic to reach a specific, guaranteed conclusion, meaning if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, like "All cats have claws; Loki is a cat; therefore, Loki has claws". Not an error by itself

Question 44

construct validity error

Answer 44

occurs when a study does not accurately measure the concept it claims to

Question 45

Experimental control

Answer 45

refers to managing variables to ensure that the outcome is due to the treatment and not other factors

Question 46

What is the concept of "strokes" in transactional analysis?

Answer 46

refer to any form of positive reinforcement or recognition given to a person. This can be verbal or nonverbal, such as a compliment or a pat on the back. Strokes are believed to be essential for building self-esteem and positive relationships.

Question 47

Who started one of the first thereoeautic groups?

Answer 47

In 1905, Joseph Pratt held a therapeutic group for patients suffering from tuberculosis.

Question 48

Irv Yalom

Answer 48

best known for his development of the principles of group therapy and is considered the "father" of group therapy.

Question 49

IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is traditionally calculated by:

Answer 49

as the ratio of mental age (MA) to chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100. 1Q = MA/CA x 100. This formula was introduced by William Louis Stern.

Question 50

William Louis Stern

Answer 50

Created the IQ calculation of 1Q = MA/CA x 100.

Question 51

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, young children haven't yet developed the ability to

Answer 51

mentally represent objects that are out of sight. This skill-representational thought—is what allows them to "hold" an image of the object in their mind. Once this capacity is in place, children can also grasp object permanence, the realization that things continue to exist even when hidden. Without representational thought, there's no mental picture to connect to, so object permanence can't fully emerge.

Question 52

In what Piaget stage of development does conservation of quality develop?

Answer 52

concrete operational stage

Question 53

Robert Kegan's theory of adult development describes….

Answer 53

How individuals evolve in the way they make meaning of their experiences Adults progress through stages such as the Impulsive mind, Imperial mind, Socialized mind, Self-authoring mind, and ultimately the Self-transforming mind. Each stage reflects a deeper level of psychological complexity and self-awareness, especially in how people relate to themselves, others, and societal expectations.

Question 54

A. A. Brill, who applied psychoanalytic principles to career choice, notably focused on which defense mechanism?

Answer 54

sublimation, where individuals express socially unacceptable desires in a socially acceptable way. For instance, someone with an innate inclination for cutting may choose a profession as a surgeon.

Question 55

What is the term used to describe the therapeutic approach that emphasizes the importance of the client's ability to understand their own experiences and emotions?

Answer 55

Gestalt therapy It focuses on the individual's present experiences and encourages the client to explore their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Gestalt therapy encourages the client to be fully present in the moment and to accept and understand their own emotions.

Question 56

The Hawthorne effect

Answer 56

occurs when individuals modify their behavior because they are aware of being observed or studied. For example: A researcher observes that clients improve simply from receiving attention during a study, even though no active treatment was administered.

Question 57

B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory is an extension of which earlier psychological principle?

Answer 57

Thorndike's law of effect Thorndikes law of effect states that responses accompanied by satisfaction (reward) are more likely to be repeated, while those accompanied by discomfort or unpleasantness are less likely to be repeated.

Question 58

Thorndikes law of effect

Answer 58

states that responses accompanied by satisfaction (reward) are more likely to be repeated, while those accompanied by discomfort or unpleasantness are less likely to be repeated.

Question 59

NCE one-liner for item discrimination?

Answer 59

Good items separate people who have the trait from those who do not.

Question 60

What is an ordinal scale?

Answer 60

A scale that ranks data in order but does not assume equal intervals.

Question 61

Concurrent validity

Answer 61

checks if a new test accurately measures the same thing as an existing, proven "gold standard" test, by giving both to the same people at the same time and seeing if their scores correlate highly

Question 62

Predictive validity

Answer 62

measures how well a test or assessment score predicts a future outcome or behavior, showing if scores on one measure (predictor) correlate with results on a later measure (criterion)

Question 63

Edward Strong

Answer 63

(1884–1963) devised the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, which is known today as the Strong Interest Inventory.

Question 64

What are thee different Basis for Interpretation

Answer 64

1. Comparing to a peer group (norm-referenced) 2. Using predetermined criteria (criterion-referenced) 3. Applying professional judgment

Question 65

What is a validity coefficient?

Answer 65

a correlation coefficient (like Pearson's r) showing how well a test or measurement tool accurately predicts or relates to a specific outcome or criterion (e.g., job performance, academic success). It quantifies the strength of this relationship, with values closer to +1 indicating a strong, useful connection, helping determine if a test measures what it claims to measure for its intended purpose.

Question 66

What is the purpose of a regression equation in validity reporting?

Answer 66

To predict a future criterion score based on a current test score. models the relationship between variables, allowing you to predict a dependent variable (ŷ or Y) based on one or more independent variables (x or X) by finding the best-fit line through data points, with b₀ as the intercept (where the line crosses the Y-axis) and b₁ as the slope (how steep the line is). It helps understand trends, like how much a child grows yearly or how gas prices relate to other factors.

Question 67

What percentile rank corresponds to a z-score of +1?

Answer 67

Approximately the 84th percentile rank.

Question 68

One-sentence NCE summary of T scores?

Answer 68

T scores express standardized performance with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 and are commonly used in personality and interest testing.

Question 69

Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS)

Answer 69

For Students in kindergarten through eighth grade. a series of nationally standardized achievement tests for students in K-8 (and formerly high school) measuring core subjects like reading, math, science, and language arts against national norms

Question 70

Metropolitan Achievement Test, Eighth Edition (MAT-8): scope?

Answer 70

Broad assessment of achievement across kindergarten through twelfth grade. a series of standardized tests used to measure K-12 students' knowledge and skills in core subjects like reading, math, and language arts, providing educators and parents data to track progress, identify strengths/weaknesses, and inform instruction

Question 71

TerraNova, Third Edition: key feature?

Answer 71

Broad-based achievement testing with multiple versions, including Common Core and Spanish editions. Spanish Text-to-Speech (TTS) for math sections and sometimes provide Spanish language accommodations, helping English Language Learners (ELLs) access content, but it's not a full Spanish language proficiency test itself, rather a tool for Spanish speakers or learners within the general assessment framework.

Question 72

Wide Range Achievement Test, Fourth Edition (WRAT-4):

Answer 72

brief, reliable assessment tool for ages 5-94 that measures foundational academic skills in reading (word decoding, sentence comprehension), spelling, and math computation, used by educators and clinicians to diagnose learning disabilities, track progress, and guide interventions, offering a quick, efficient snapshot of basic academic functioning.

Question 73

Peabody Individual Achievement Test–Revised (PIAT-R): main use?

Answer 73

Screening for learning disabilities in reading, math, and spelling. This test is. standardized, individually given test assessing academic skills in areas like reading, math, spelling, and general knowledge for students K-12 (or up to age 22 with the Normative Update, PIAT-R/NU). It's designed to be a low-pressure, conversational, multiple-choice test that identifies a student's academic strengths and weaknesses, helping educators and parents understand overall achievement and specific learning needs.

Question 74

Z score and percentile rank

Answer 74

with a z-score of 0 being the 50th percentile (the mean) positive z-scores representing higher percentiles (like 84th percentile for z=1) negative z-scores representing lower percentiles (like 16th percentile for z=-1)