Learning

Question 1

First Stage of Learning: The Cognitive Phase

Answer 1

• Performer learns the nature and demands of the task.
• Performance level is inconsistent with frequent large errors – trial and error.
• Learner begins to develop the basic motor patterns for the task.
• Movements consciously controlled
• Demonstration of the skill prior to performance and immediate feedback to correct errors is vital

Question 2

2nd Stage Of Learning – The Associative Stage (practice stage)

Answer 2

• Characterised by plenty of practice to develop and consolidate motor programs
• Parts of the skill become automatically controlled
• Consistency improves
• Size and frequency of errors decreases
• External feedback is important but learner begins to understand and use internal feedback to change performance
• Feedback contains more specific information
• Some learners never move beyond this stage often due to a lack of motivation.
• The length of time in this phase varies depending on; Task complexity, Level of ability, Amount of practice

Question 3

3rd Stage of Motor Learning – The Autonomous Stage

Answer 3

• Performer’s movements are fluent, well coordinated and seemingly effortless
• Increased speed and accuracy of response to a given situation
• Attends to relevant cues only – selective attention is high.
• Little variability in day to day performance (consistent)
• Able to detect and self – correct errors
• Skills are automated (without thought)

Question 4

Learning curves

Answer 4

The degree of learning that has taken place can be measured by analysing performance. The greater the amount of learning that has occurred, the better the performance.

Acquisition of physical skills can be measured using learning / performance curves

Question 5

Transfer of learning
Definition

Answer 5

Using prior knowledge of a skill to either enhance or hinder the learning process of a new skill.

Question 6

There are three categories
of transfer of learning

Answer 6

Skill to skill transfer of learning
Define: When the knowledge of one specific skill has an impact on the learning of another skill

Theory to practice transfer of learning
Define: The transfer of theoretical skills such as execution points into physical practice.

Training to competition transfer of learning
Define: Refers to the transfer of skills developed at training that mimics a competition situation.

Question 7

There are three effects of transfer

Answer 7

1. Positive Transfer of learning
   Define: Occurs when skills and / or knowledge gained from a previous learning experience helps with the learning of a new skill.
2. ZERO Transfer of learning
   Define: Occurs when the learning of a new skill is not affected either positively or negatively by previously learned skills.
3. Negative Transfer of learning
   Define: Occurs when the learning from a previously learned skill hinders the learning of a new skill.